







                   Vi/Ex Reference Manual

                        Keith Bostic

                 Computer Science Division
 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
             University of California, Berkeley
                Berkeley, California  94720

                     December 23, 2017





                          Abstract



     This document is the reference guide for the 4.4BSD
implementations of nex/nvi, which are implementations of
the historic Berkeley ex/vi editors.





                         Licensing



Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
     The  Regents  of  the  University  of  California.  All
Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996
     Keith Bostic.  All Rights Reserved.


     The vi program is freely redistributable.  You are wel-
come to copy, modify and share it with others under the con-
ditions listed in the LICENSE file.   If  any  company  (not
individual!)  finds  vi  sufficiently  useful that you would
have purchased it, or if any company wishes to  redistribute
it, contributions to the authors would be appreciated.




















                      Acknowledgements




     Bruce  Englar  encouraged  the early development of
the historic ex/vi editor.  Peter Kessler  helped  bring
sanity  to  version  2's command layout.  Bill Joy wrote
versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created  the  frame-
work  that users see in the present editor.  Mark Horton
added macros and other features and made ex/vi work on a
large number of terminals and Unix systems.

     Nvi is originally derived from software contributed
to the University of California, Berkeley by Steve Kirk-
endall, the author of the vi clone elvis.

     IEEE  Standard  Portable Operating System Interface
for Computer Environments (POSIX) 1003.2  style  Regular
Expression support was done by Henry Spencer.

     The  curses  library  was  originally  done  by Ken
Arnold.  Scrolling and reworking for  nvi  was  done  by
Elan Amir.

     George  Neville-Neil added the Tcl interpreter, and
Sven Verdoolaege added the Perl interpreter.

     Rob Mayoff added Cscope support.

     The Institute of Electrical and  Electronics  Engi-
neers  has  given  us  permission to reprint portions of
their documentation.   Portions  of  this  document  are
reprinted and reproduced from IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, IEEE
Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Comput-
er Environments (POSIX), copyright 1992 by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

     The financial support of UUNET Communications  Ser-
vices is gratefully acknowledged.























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1.  Description

     Vi is a screen oriented text editor.  Ex is a line-ori-
ented text editor.  Ex and vi are  different  interfaces  to
the  same  program,  and  it  is possible to switch back and
forth during an edit session.  View  is  the  equivalent  of
using the -R (read-only) option of vi.

     This  reference  manual  is  the  one provided with the
nex/nvi versions of the ex/vi  text  editors.   Nex/nvi  are
intended  as  bug-for-bug  compatible  replacements  for the
original Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD)  ex/vi
programs.   This reference manual is accompanied by a tradi-
tional-style manual page.  That manual  page  describes  the
functionality  found  in  ex/vi  in far less detail than the
description here.  In  addition,  it  describes  the  system
interface  to  ex/vi,  e.g.  command  line  options, session
recovery,  signals,  environmental  variables,  and  similar
things.

     This  reference  is intended for users already familiar
with ex/vi.  Anyone else should almost certainly read a good
tutorial  on  the editor first.  If you are in an unfamiliar
environment, and you absolutely have to get work done  imme-
diately, see the section entitled "Fast Startup" in the man-
ual page.  It is probably enough to get you started.

     There are a few features in nex/nvi that are not  found
in historic versions of ex/vi.  Some of the more interesting
of those features are briefly described in the next section,
entitled  "Additional Features".  For the rest of this docu-
ment, nex/nvi is used only when it is necessary  to  distin-
guish it from the historic implementations of ex/vi.

     Future  versions  of this software will be periodically
made available by anonymous ftp, and can be  retrieved  from
ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the directory ucb/4bsd.

2.  Additional Features in Nex/Nvi

     There  are a few features in nex/nvi that are not found
in historic versions of ex/vi.  Some of the more interesting
of these are as follows:

8-bit clean data, large lines, files
     Nex/nvi  will  edit  any format file.  Line lengths are
     limited by available memory, and file sizes are limited
     by  available  disk space.  The vi text input mode com-
     mand <control-X>  can  insert  any  possible  character
     value into the text.

Background and foreground screens
     The  bg command backgrounds the current screen, and the










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     fg command foregrounds backgrounded screens.  The  dis-
     play  command  can  be  used  to  list  the  background
     screens.

Command Editing
     You can enter a normal editing window on the  collected
     commands  that  you've entered on the vi colon command-
     line, and then modify and/or execute the commands.  See
     the cedit edit option for more information.

Displays
     The  display command can be used to display the current
     buffers, the backgrounded screens, and the tags  stack.

Extended Regular Expressions
     The  extended  option  causes Regular Expressions to be
     interpreted as as Extended Regular  Expressions,  (i.e.
     egrep(1) style Regular Expressions).

File Name Completion
     It is possible to do file name completion and file name
     displays when entering commands on the  vi  colon  com-
     mand-line.   See the filec option for more information.

Infinite undo
     Changes made during an edit session may be rolled back-
     ward  and  forward.  A .  command immediately after a u
     command continues either forward or backward  depending
     on whether the u command was an undo or a redo.

Left-right scrolling
     The leftright option causes nvi to do left-right screen
     scrolling, instead of the traditional vi line wrapping.

Message Catalogs
     It  is possible to display informational and error mes-
     sages in different languages by providing a catalog  of
     messages.   See  the  msgcat  option and the file cata-
     log/README for more information.

Incrementing numbers
     The # command increments or decrements the number  ref-
     erenced by the cursor.

Previous file
     The  previous  command edits the previous file from the
     argument list.

Scripting languages
     The :pe[rl] cmd, :perld[o] cmd and :tc[l] cmd  commands
     execute  Perl  and  Tcl/Tk  commands,  respectively, on
     lines from the edit buffer.  See  the  "Scripting  Lan-
     guages"  section  and  the  specific  commands for more










USD:13-6                                     Vi/Ex Reference


     information.

Split screens
     The Edit, Ex, Next, Previous, Tag  and  Visual  (in  vi
     mode)  commands divide the screen into multiple editing
     regions and then perform their normal function in a new
     screen  area.   The <control-W> command rotates between
     the foreground screens.  The resize command can be used
     to grow or shrink a particular screen.

Tag stacks
     Tags  are  now  maintained in a stack.  The <control-T>
     command returns to the previous tag location.  The tag-
     pop  command returns to the most recent tag location by
     default, or, optionally to a specific tag number in the
     tag  stack,  or  the  most  recent tag from a specified
     file.  The display command can be used to list the tags
     stack.   The  tagtop  command returns to the top of the
     tag stack.

Usage information
     The exusage and viusage commands provide usage informa-
     tion  for all of the ex and vi commands by default, or,
     optionally, for a specific command or key.

Word search
     The <control-A> command searches for  the  word  refer-
     enced by the cursor.

3.  Startup Information

     Ex/vi  interprets  one  of  two  possible environmental
variables and reads up to three of five possible files  dur-
ing  startup.   The variables and files are expected to con-
tain ex commands, not vi commands.  In  addition,  they  are
interpreted before the file to be edited is read, and there-
fore many ex commands may not be used.  Generally, any  com-
mand that requires output to the screen or that needs a file
upon which to operate, will cause an error if included in  a
startup file or environmental variable.

     Because  the  ex  command set supported by nex/nvi is a
superset of the command set supported by  historical  imple-
mentations  of ex, nex/nvi can use the startup files created
for the historical implementations, but the converse may not
be true.

     If  the  -s (the historic - option) is specified, or if
standard input is redirected from a file, all  environmental
variables and startup files are ignored.

     Otherwise,  startup  files  and environmental variables
are handled in the following order:










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 (1)   The file /etc/vi.exrc is read, as long as it is owned
       by root or the effective user ID of the user.

 (2)   The  environmental  variable NEXINIT (or the variable
       EXINIT, if NEXINIT is not set) is interpreted.

 (3)   If neither NEXINIT or EXINIT was set,  and  the  HOME
       environmental  variable is set, the file $HOME/.nexrc
       (or the file $HOME/.exrc, if  $HOME/.nexrc  does  not
       exist)  is  read, as long as the effective user ID of
       the user is root or is the same as the owner  of  the
       file.

       When  the  $HOME  directory  is  being  used for both
       nex/nvi and an historic implementation  of  ex/vi,  a
       possible solution is to put nex/nvi specific commands
       in the .nexrc file, along with a :source  $HOME/.exrc
       command to read in the commands common to both imple-
       mentations.

 (4)   If the exrc option was turned on by one of the previ-
       ous  startup information sources, the file .nexrc (or
       the file .exrc, if .nexrc does not exist) is read, as
       long as the effective user ID of the user is the same
       as the owner of the file.

     No startup file is read if it  is  writable  by  anyone
other than its owner.

     It is not an error for any of the startup environmental
variables or files not to exist.

     Once all environmental variables are  interpreted,  and
all  startup  files are read, the first file to be edited is
read in (or a temporary file is created).

     As soon as an existing file is loaded  (either  due  to
the  command line parameters or from within the editor), any
command specified using the -c option is  executed,  in  the
context  of  that  file.   Note that such a command is an ex
command and thus obeys the ex behaviour by first jumping  to
the end of the file, even if used with vi.

4.  Recovery

     There  is  no  recovery  program  for nex/nvi, nor does
nex/nvi run setuid.  Recovery files are created readable and
writable  by  the  owner  only.   Users may recover any file
which they can read, and the superuser may recover any  edit
session.

     Edit  sessions  are  backed  by  files in the directory
named    by    the    recdir    option    (the     directory










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/var/tmp/vi.recover  by default), and are named "vi.XXXXXX",
where "XXXXXX" is a number related to the process ID.   When
a  file is first modified, a second recovery file containing
an email message for the  user  is  created,  and  is  named
"recover.XXXXXX",  where, again, "XXXXXX" is associated with
the process ID.  Both files are removed at the end of a nor-
mal  edit  session,  but  will remain if the edit session is
abnormally terminated or the user runs the ex preserve  com-
mand.

     The  recdir  option  may be set in either the user's or
system's startup information, changing the  recovery  direc-
tory.  (Note, however, that if a memory based file system is
used as the backup directory, each system reboot will delete
all  of  the  recovery  files!   The same caution applies to
directories such as /tmp which are cleared of their contents
by  a  system  reboot,  or  /usr/tmp  which  is periodically
cleared of old files on many systems.)

     The recovery directory should be owned by root,  or  at
least  by a pseudo-user.  In addition, if directory "sticky-
bit" semantics are available, the directory should have  the
sticky-bit  set  so  that files may only be removed by their
owners.  The recovery directory must  be  read,  write,  and
executable by any user, i.e. mode 1777.

     If  the  recovery  directory does not exist, ex/vi will
attempt to create it.   This  can  result  in  the  recovery
directory  being  owned  by  a normal user, which means that
that user will be able to remove other user's  recovery  and
backup files.  This is annoying, but is not a security issue
as the user cannot otherwise access or modify the files.

     The recovery file has all of the necessary  information
in  it  to  enable the user to recover the edit session.  In
addition, it has all of  the  necessary  email  headers  for
sendmail(8).   When the system is rebooted, all of the files
in /var/tmp/vi.recover named "recover.XXXXXX" should be sent
to  their  owners, by email, using the -t option of sendmail
(or  a  similar  mechanism  in  other  mailers).   If  ex/vi
receives  a hangup (SIGHUP) signal, or the user executes the
ex preserve command,  ex/vi  will  automatically  email  the
recovery information to the user.

     If your system does not have the sendmail utility (or a
mailer program which supports its interface) the source file
nvi/common/recover.c  will  have  to be modified to use your
local mail delivery programs.  Note, if nex/nvi  is  changed
to  use another mailer, it is important to remember that the
owner of the file given to the mailer is the  nex/nvi  user,
so nothing in the file should be trusted as it may have been
modified in an effort to compromise the system.











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     Finally, the owner execute bit is set on  backup  files
when  they  are created, and unset when they are first modi-
fied, e.g. backup files that have no associated email recov-
ery  file  will  have  this bit set.  (There is also a small
window where empty files can be created  and  not  yet  have
this  bit set.  This is due to the method in which the files
are created.)  Such files should be deleted when the  system
reboots.

     A  simple  way  to do this cleanup is to run the Bourne
shell script recover, from your /etc/rc.local (or other sys-
tem startup) file.  The script should work with the historic
Bourne shell, a POSIX 1003.2 shell or the Korn  shell.   The
recover script is installed as part of the nex/nvi installa-
tion process.

     Consult the manual page for details on recovering  pre-
served or aborted editing sessions.

5.  Sizing the Screen

     The  size of the screen can be set in a number of ways.
Ex/vi takes the following steps until  values  are  obtained
for  both  the  number  of rows and number of columns in the
screen.

 (1)   If the environmental variable  LINES  exists,  it  is
       used to specify the number of rows in the screen.

 (2)   If  the  environmental variable COLUMNS exists, it is
       used to specify the number of columns in the  screen.

 (3)   The  TIOCGWINSZ ioctl(2) is attempted on the standard
       error file descriptor.

 (4)   The termcap entry (or  terminfo  entry  on  System  V
       machines)  is  checked  for the "li" entry (rows) and
       the "co" entry (columns).

 (5)   The number of rows is set to 24, and  the  number  of
       columns is set to 80.

     If  a window change size signal (SIGWINCH) is received,
the new  window  size  is  retrieved  using  the  TIOCGWINSZ
ioctl(2) call, and all other information is ignored.

6.  Character Display

     In  both  ex  and vi printable characters as defined by
isprint(3) are displayed using the local character set.

     Non-printable characters, for which iscntrl(3)  returns
true,  and  which are less than octal \040, are displayed as










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the string "^<character>", where <character> is the  charac-
ter  that  is the original character's value offset from the
"@" character.  For example, the  octal  character  \001  is
displayed as "^A".  If iscntrl(3) returns true for the octal
character \177, it is displayed as  the  string  "^?".   All
other characters are displayed as either hexadecimal values,
in the form "0x<high-halfbyte> ... 0x<low-halfbyte>", or  as
octal  values,  in  the  form  "\<high-one-or-two-bits>  ...
\<low-three-bits>".  The display of  unknown  characters  is
based on the value of the octal option.

     In  vi command mode, the cursor is always positioned on
the last column of characters which take up  more  than  one
column  on the screen.  In vi text input mode, the cursor is
positioned on the first column of characters which  take  up
more than one column on the screen.

7.  Multiple Screens

     Nvi  supports  multiple  screens by dividing the window
into regions.  It also supports stacks of screens by permit-
ting  the  user  to  change the set of screens that are cur-
rently displayed.

     The Edit, Ex, Fg, Next, Previous, Tag and Visual (in vi
mode) commands divide the current screen into two regions of
approximately equal size and then perform their usual action
in a new screen area.  If the cursor is in the lower half of
the screen, the screen will split up, i.e.  the  new  screen
will  be  above  the old one.  If the cursor is in the upper
half of the screen, the new screen will  be  below  the  old
one.

     When more than one screen is editing a file, changes in
any screen are reflected in all other  screens  editing  the
same  file.  Exiting a screen without saving any changes (or
explicitly discarding them)  is  permitted  until  the  last
screen editing the file is exited, at which time the changes
must be saved or discarded.

     The  resize  command  permits  resizing  of  individual
screens.  Screens may be grown, shrunk or set to an absolute
number of rows.

     The ^W command is used to switch between screens.  Each
^W  moves  to the next lower screen in the window, or to the
first screen in the window if there are no lower screens.

     The bg command "backgrounds" the current  screen.   The
screen  disappears from the window, and the rows it occupied
are taken over by a neighboring screen.  It is an  error  to
attempt to background the only screen in the window.











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     The  display  screens command displays the names of the
files associated with the current  backgrounded  screens  in
the window.

     The  fg  [file] command moves the specified screen from
the list of backgrounded screens to the foreground.   If  no
file  argument is specified, the first screen on the list is
foregrounded.  By default, foregrounding consists  of  back-
grounding the current screen, and replacing its space in the
window with the foregrounded screen.

     Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.  Fg,
will  foreground  the  backgrounded  screen  in a new screen
instead of swapping it with the current screen.

     If the  last  foregrounded  screen  in  the  window  is
exited, and there are backgrounded screens, the first screen
on the list of backgrounded screens takes over the window.

8.  Tags, Tag Stacks, and Cscope

     Nvi supports the historic vi tag  command  <control-]>,
and  the historic ex tag command tag.  These commands change
the current file context to a new location, based on  infor-
mation  found in the tags files.  If you are unfamiliar with
these commands, you should review their description  in  the
ex  and  vi commands section of this manual.  For additional
information on tags files, see the discussion  of  the  tags
edit option and the system ctags(1) manual page.

     In  addition, nvi supports the notion of "tags stacks",
using the  <control-T>  command.   The  <control-T>  command
returns  the  user  to  the previous context, i.e., the last
place from which a <control-]> or tag command  was  entered.
These  three  commands provide the basic functionality which
allows you to use vi to review source code in  a  structured
manner.

     Nvi  also  provides two other basic ex commands for tag
support: tagpop and tagtop.  The tagpop command is identical
to  the <control-T> command, with the additional functional-
ity that you may specify that modifications to  the  current
file  are  to  be  discarded.  This cannot be done using the
<control-T> command.  The tagtop command discards all of the
contexts that have been pushed onto the tag stack, returning
to the context from which the first <control-]> or tag  com-
mand was entered.

     The  historic ctags(1) tags file format supports only a
single location per tag, normally the  function  declaration
or  structure  or  string  definition.   More  sophisticated
source code tools often provide multiple locations per  tag,
e.g.,  a  list of the places from which a function is called










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or a string definition is used.  An example  of  this  func-
tionality is the System V source code tool, cscope.

Cscope  creates  a  database  of  information on source code
files, and supports a query language for that information as
described  in  the  cscope(1)  manual page.  Nvi contains an
interface to the cscope query language which permits you  to
query  cscope  and  then sequentially step through the loca-
tions in the sources files which cscope returns.  There  are
two  nvi commands which support this ability to step through
multiple locations.  They are the ex  commands  tagnext  and
tagprev.  The tagnext command moves to the next location for
the current tag.  The tagprev command moves to the  previous
location  for the current tag.  (See the tagnext and tagprev
command discussion in the ex commands section of this manual
for  more  information.)  At any time during this sequential
walk, you may use the <control-]>, tag or cscope commands to
move  to  a new tag context, and then use the <control-T> or
tagpop commands to return and continue stepping through  the
locations  for  this  tag.   This is similar to the previous
model of a simple tag stack, except that each entry  in  the
tag  stack  may  have  more than one file context that is of
interest.

     Although there is  no  widely  distributed  version  of
ctags(1) that creates tags files with multiple locations per
tag, nvi has been written to understand the  obvious  exten-
sion  to  the  historic  tags file format, i.e., more than a
single line in the tags file with the same initial tag name.
If  you  wish  to  extend your ctags implementation or other
tool with which you build tags files, this extension  should
be simple and will require no changes to nvi.

     The  nvi  and  cscope  interface is based on the new ex
command cscope, which has five subcommands: add, find, help,
kill  and  reset.  The subcommand find itself has eight sub-
commands: c, d, e, f, g, i, s and t.

cs[cope] a[dd] file
     The add command attaches to the specified cscope  data-
     base.   The  file  name  is expanded using the standard
     filename expansions.  If file is a directory, the  file
     "cscope.out" in that directory is used as the database.

     After nvi attaches to a new  database,  all  subsequent
cscope  queries  will be asked of that database.  The result
of any single query is the collection  of  response  to  the
query from all of the attached databases.

If  the "CSCOPE_DIRS" environmental variable is set when nvi
is run, it is expected to be a <colon> or  <blank>-separated
list  of  cscope  databases or directories containing cscope
databases, to which the user wishes to attach.










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:cs[cope] f[ind] c|d|e|f|g|i|s|t buffer|pattern
     The find command is the cscope query command  for  nvi.
     For this command, nvi queries all attached cscope data-
     bases for the pattern.  If the  pattern  is  a  double-
     quote  character followed by a valid buffer name (e.g.,
     "<character>), then the contents of  the  named  buffer
     are  used  as the pattern.  Otherwise, the pattern is a
     Regular Expression.

     The find command pushes the current location  onto  the
     tags  stack, and switches to the first location result-
     ing from the query, if the query returned at least  one
     result.

     File  names  returned by the cscope query, if not abso-
     lute paths, are searched for relative to the  directory
     where  the cscope database is located.  In addition, if
     the file "cscope.tpath" appears in the  same  directory
     as  the  cscope  database,  it is expected to contain a
     colon-separated list of  directory  names  where  files
     referenced  by  its  associated  cscope database may be
     found.

     The find subcommand is one of the following:

     c        Find callers of the name.
     d        Find all function calls made from name.
     e        Find pattern.
     f        Find files with name as substring.
     g        Find definition of name.
     i        Find files #including name.
     s        Find all uses of name.
     t        Find assignments to name.

:cs[cope] h[elp] [command]
     List the cscope commands, or optionally list usage help
     for any single cscope command.

:display c[onnections]
     Display  the  list  of cscope databases to which nvi is
     currently connected.

:cs[cope] k[ill] #
     Disconnect from a specific cscope database.   The  con-
     nection  number  is the one displayed by the ex display
     connections command.

:cs[cope] r[eset]
     Disconnect from all attached cscope databases.

     Cscope is not freely redistributable software,  but  is
fairly inexpensive and easily available.  To purchase a copy
of                        cscope,                        see










USD:13-14                                    Vi/Ex Reference


http://www.att.com/ssg/products/toolchest.html.

9.  Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings

     Regular  expressions are used in line addresses, as the
first part of the ex substitute, global, and v commands, and
in search patterns.

     The  regular  expressions  supported  by  ex/vi are, by
default, the Basic Regular Expressions (BRE's) described  in
the  IEEE POSIX Standard 1003.2.  The extended option causes
all regular expressions to be interpreted  as  the  Extended
Regular  Expressions (ERE's) described by the same standard.
(See re_format(7) for more information.)   Generally  speak-
ing,  BRE's  are  the Regular Expressions found in ed(1) and
grep(1), and ERE's are  the  Regular  Expressions  found  in
egrep(1).

     The  following is not intended to provide a description
of Regular Expressions.  The information here only describes
strings  and  characters  which have special meanings in the
ex/vi version of RE's, or options which change the  meanings
of characters that normally have special meanings in RE's.

 (1)   An empty RE (e.g.  "//" or "??"  is equivalent to the
       last RE used.

 (2)   The construct "\<" matches the beginning of a word.

 (3)   The construct "\>" matches the end of a word.

 (4)   The character "~" matches the replacement part of the
       last substitute command.

     When  the  magic option is not set, the only characters
with special meanings are a "^" character at  the  beginning
of  an  RE,  a  "$"  character  at the end of an RE, and the
escaping character "\".  The characters ".",  "*",  "["  and
"~"  are treated as ordinary characters unless preceded by a
"\"; when preceded by a "\" they regain their special  mean-
ing.

     Replacement strings are the second part of a substitute
command.

     The character "&" (or "\&" if the magic option  is  not
set)  in  the replacement string stands for the text matched
by the RE that is being replaced.   The  character  "~"  (or
"\~" if the magic option is not set) stands for the replace-
ment part of the previous substitute command.   It  is  only
valid after a substitute command has been performed.












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     The  string  "\#", where "#" is an integer value from 1
to 9, stands for the text matched by the portion of  the  RE
enclosed  in  the  "#"'th  set  of escaped parentheses, e.g.
"\(" and "\)".  For  example,  "s/abc\(.*\)def/\1/"  deletes
the strings "abc" and "def" from the matched pattern.

     The  strings  "\l",  "\u", "\L" and "\U" can be used to
modify the case of elements in the replacement string.   The
string  "\l"  causes  the  next character to be converted to
lowercase; the string "\u" behaves similarly,  but  converts
to  uppercase (e.g.  s/abc/\U&/ replaces the string abc with
ABC).  The string "\L" causes characters up to  the  end  of
the  string  or  the  next occurrence of the strings "\e" or
"\E" to be converted to lowercase; the string  "\U"  behaves
similarly, but converts to uppercase.

     If the entire replacement pattern is "%", then the last
replacement pattern is used again.

     In vi, inserting a  <control-M>  into  the  replacement
string  will  cause  the  matched  line to be split into two
lines at that point.  (The <control-M> will be discarded.)

10.  Scripting Languages

     The nvi editor currently supports  two  scripting  lan-
guages, Tcl/Tk and Perl.  (Note that Perl4 isn't sufficient,
and that the Perl5 used must be version 5.002 or later.  See
the "Building Nvi" section for more information.

     The  scripting language interface is still being worked
on, therefore the following information is  probably  incom-
plete,  probably  wrong in cases, and likely to change.  See
the perl_api and tcl_api source directories for more  infor-
mation.   As a quick reference, the following function calls
are provided for both the Perl and Tcl interfaces.  The Perl
interface  uses a slightly different naming convention, e.g.
``viFindScreen'' is named ``VI::FindScreen''.

viFindScreen file
     Return the screenIdassociated file.

viAppendLine screenId lineNumber text
     Append text as a new line after line number lineNumber,
     in the screen screenId.

viDelLine screenId lineNum
     Delete the line lineNumber from the screen screenId.

viGetLine screenId lineNumber
     Return the line lineNumber from the screen screenId.












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viInsertLine screenId lineNumber text
     Insert text as a new line before line number lineNumber
     in the screen screenId.

viLastLine screenId
     Return the line number of the last line in  the  screen
     screenId.

viSetLine screenId lineNumber text
     Change  the  line  lineNumber in the screen screenId to
     match the specified text.

viGetMark screenId mark
     Return the current line and column  for  the  specified
     mark from the screen screenId.

viSetMark screenId mark line column
     Set  the specified mark to be at line line, column col-
     umn, in the screen screenId.

viGetCursor screenId
     Return the current line and column for  the  cursor  in
     the screen screenId.

viSetCursor screenId line column
     Set  the cursor in the screen screenId to the specified
     line and column.

viMsg screenId text
     Display the specified text  as  a  vi  message  in  the
     screen screenId.

viNewScreen screenId [file]
     Create a new screen.

viEndScreen screenId
     Exit the screen screenId.

viSwitchScreen screenId screenId
     Switch from the screen screenId to the screen screenId.

viMapKey screenId key tclproc
     Map the specified key in the screen screenId to the Tcl
     procedure tclproc.

viUnmMapKey screenId key
     Unmap the specified key in the screen screenId

viGetOpt screenId option
     Return  the  value  of  the  specified  option from the
     screen screenId.












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viSetOpt screenId command
     Set one or more options in the screen screenId.

11.  General Editor Description

     When ex or vi are executed, the text of a file is  read
(or  a  temporary  file  is  created),  and then all editing
changes happen within the context of the copy of  the  file.
No  changes affect the actual file until the file is written
out, either using a write command or another  command  which
is affected by the autowrite option.

     All  files  are  locked (using the flock(2) or fcntl(2)
interfaces) during the edit session, to avoid  inadvertently
making  modifications  to multiple copies of the file.  If a
lock cannot be obtained for a file because it is  locked  by
another  process,  the  edit session is read-only (as if the
readonly option or the -R flag had been  specified).   If  a
lock  cannot be obtained for other reasons, the edit session
will continue, but the  file  status  information  (see  the
<control-G> command) will reflect this fact.

     Both  ex and vi are modeful editors, i.e. they have two
modes, "command" mode and "text input" mode.  The former  is
intended  to  permit  you  to  enter commands which modifies
already existing text.  The latter is intended to permit you
to  enter  new text.  When ex first starts running, it is in
command mode, and usually displays a prompt (see the  prompt
option  for more information).  The prompt is a single colon
(":") character.  There are three commands  that  switch  ex
into  text  input  mode: append, change and insert.  Once in
input mode, entering a line containing only a single  period
(".")   ends  text  input  mode and returns to command mode,
where the prompt is redisplayed.

     When vi first starts running, it is in command mode  as
well.   There  are  eleven commands that switch vi into text
input mode: A, a, C, c, I, i, O, o, R, S  and  s.   Once  in
input  mode,  entering an <escape> character ends text input
mode and returns to command mode.

     Ex/vi present three different interfaces to  editing  a
file.  Ex presents a line oriented interface.  Vi presents a
full  screen  display  oriented  interface,  also  known  as
"visual  mode".   In  addition, there is a third mode, "open
mode", which is line oriented, but supports cursor  movement
and  editing  within the displayed line, similarly to visual
mode.  Open mode is not yet implemented in nvi.

     The following words have special meanings in  both  the
ex and vi command descriptions:












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<interrupt>
     The  interrupt  character is used to interrupt the cur-
     rent operation.  Normally <control-C>, whatever charac-
     ter is set for the current terminal is used.

<literal-next>
     The literal next character is used to escape the subse-
     quent character from any special meaning.  This charac-
     ter  is always <control-V>.  If the terminal is not set
     up to do XON/XOFF flow  control,  then  <control-Q>  is
     used to mean literal next as well.

current pathname
     The  pathname of the file currently being edited by vi.
     When the percent character ("%") appears in a file name
     entered  as  part  of  an  ex  command  argument, it is
     replaced by the current pathname.  (The  "%"  character
     can be escaped by preceding it with a backslash.)

alternate pathname
     The  name of the last file name mentioned in an ex com-
     mand, or, the previous current  pathname  if  the  last
     file mentioned becomes the current file.  When the hash
     mark character ("#") appears in a file name entered  as
     part  of  an ex command argument, it is replaced by the
     alternate pathname.  (The "#" character can be  escaped
     by preceding it with a backslash.)

buffer
     One  of  a  number  of named areas for saving copies of
     text.  Commands that change or delete text can save the
     changed  or  deleted  text  into a specific buffer, for
     later use, if the command allows it (i.e. the ex change
     command  cannot  save  the  changed  text  in  a  named
     buffer).  Buffers are named with  a  single  character,
     preceded  by  a  double quote, e.g.  "<character> in vi
     and without the double quote, e.g.  <character>, in ex.
     (The  double  quote  isn't  necessary  for  ex  because
     buffers names are denoted by their position in the com-
     mand  line.)  Historic implementations of ex/vi limited
     <character> to  the  alphanumeric  characters;  nex/nvi
     permits  the use of any character without another mean-
     ing in the position where a buffer name is expected.

     Buffers named by uppercase characters are the  same  as
     buffers  named by lowercase characters, e.g. the buffer
     named by the English character "A" is the same  as  the
     buffer  named  by the character "a", with the exception
     that, if the buffer contents are being changed (as with
     a  text  deletion  or  vi  change command), the text is
     appended to the buffer, instead of replacing  the  cur-
     rent contents.











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     The   buffers  named  by  the  numeric  characters  (in
     English, "1" through "9"), are special.  If a region of
     text including characters from more than one line, or a
     single line of text specified by using a  line-oriented
     motion,  is changed or deleted in the file using the vi
     change or delete commands, a copy of the text is placed
     into  the  numeric  buffer  "1", regardless of the user
     specifying another buffer in  which  to  save  it.   In
     addition,  there are a few commands which, when used as
     a motion with the vi change and delete commands, always
     copy  the  specified  region  of  text into the numeric
     buffers regardless of the region  including  characters
     from more than one line.  These commands are:


      <control-A>   %   (   )
     `<character>   /   ?   N
                n   {   }


     Before  this  copy  is  done,  the previous contents of
     buffer "1" are moved into buffer "2", "2"  into  buffer
     "3",  and  so  on.  The contents of buffer "9" are dis-
     carded.  In vi, text may be explicitly stored into  the
     numeric  buffers.   In  this  case, the buffer rotation
     described above occurs before the  replacement  of  the
     buffer's contents.  The numeric buffers are only avail-
     able in visual and open modes, and are  not  accessible
     by  ex in any way, although changed and deleted text is
     still stored there while in ex mode.

     When a vi command synopsis shows both a [buffer] and  a
     [count], they may be presented in any order.

     Finally,  all  buffers are either "line" or "character"
     oriented.   All  ex  commands  which  store  text  into
     buffers  are  line  oriented.   Some  vi commands which
     store text into buffers are line oriented, and some are
     character oriented; the description for each applicable
     vi command notes whether text copied into buffers using
     the  command  is  line or character oriented.  In addi-
     tion, the vi command display buffers displays the  cur-
     rent  orientation for each buffer.  Generally, the only
     importance attached to this orientation is that if  the
     buffer  is  subsequently  inserted  into the text, line
     oriented buffers create new lines for each of the lines
     they contain, and character oriented buffers create new
     lines for any lines other than the first and last lines
     they  contain.   The  first and last lines are inserted
     into the text at the current cursor position,  becoming
     part  of  the  current line.  If there is more than one
     line in the buffer, however, the  current  line  itself











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     will be split.

unnamed buffer
     The unnamed buffer is a text storage area which is used
     by commands that use or operate on  a  buffer  when  no
     buffer is specified by the user.  If the command stores
     text into a buffer, the text is stored into the unnamed
     buffer  even if a buffer is also specified by the user.
     It is not  possible  to  append  text  to  the  unnamed
     buffer.   If  text  is  appended to a named buffer, the
     named buffer contains both the old and new text,  while
     the  unnamed  buffer contains only the new text.  There
     is no way to explicitly reference the unnamed buffer.

     Historically, the contents of the unnamed  buffer  were
     discarded  by  many  different commands, even ones that
     didn't store text into it.  Nex/nvi never discards  the
     contents  of the unnamed buffer until new text replaces
     them.

whitespace
     The characters <tab> and <space>.

<carriage-return>
     The character  represented  by  an  ASCII  <control-M>.
     This  character is almost always treated identically to
     a <newline> character, but differs in that  it  can  be
     escaped into the file text or into a command.

<newline>
     The  character  represented  by  an  ASCII <control-J>.
     This character is almost always treated identically  to
     a  <control-M> character, but differs in that it cannot
     be escaped into the file text or into a command.

12.  Vi Description

     Vi takes up the entire screen  to  display  the  edited
file,  except for the bottom line of the screen.  The bottom
line of the screen is used to enter ex commands, and for  vi
error  and  informational messages.  If no other information
is being displayed, the default display can show the current
cursor  row  and cursor column, an indication of whether the
file has been modified, and the current mode of the  editor.
See the ruler and showmode options for more information.

     Empty  lines  do not have any special representation on
the screen, but lines on the  screen  that  would  logically
come  after  the  end  of the file are displayed as a single
tilde ("~") character.  To differentiate between empty lines
and  lines consisting of only whitespace characters, use the
list option.  Historically, implementations of vi have  also
displayed  some  lines  as single asterisk ("@") characters.










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These were lines that were  not  correctly  displayed,  i.e.
lines  on the screen that did not correspond to lines in the
file, or lines that did not fit on the current screen.   Nvi
never displays lines in this fashion.

     Vi  is  a  modeful editor, i.e. it has two modes, "com-
mand" mode and "text input" mode.  When vi first starts,  it
is  in command mode.  There are several commands that change
vi into text input mode.  The <escape> character is used  to
resolve  the  text  input  into the file, and exit back into
command mode.  In vi command  mode,  the  cursor  is  always
positioned  on  the  last column of characters which take up
more than one column on the screen.  In vi text insert mode,
the  cursor  is positioned on the first column of characters
which take up more than one column on the screen.

     When positioning the cursor to a new line  and  column,
the  type  of movement is defined by the distance to the new
cursor position.  If the new position is close,  the  screen
is scrolled to the new location.  If the new position is far
away, the screen is repainted so that the new position is on
the  screen.  If the screen is scrolled, it is moved a mini-
mal amount, and the cursor line will usually appear  at  the
top  or  bottom  of the screen.  If the screen is repainted,
the cursor line will appear in the  center  of  the  screen,
unless  the cursor is sufficiently close to the beginning or
end of the file that this isn't possible.  If the  leftright
option  is set, the screen may be scrolled or repainted in a
horizontal direction as well as in a vertical one.

     A major difference between the historical vi  presenta-
tion  and  nvi is in the scrolling and screen oriented posi-
tion commands, <control-B>, <control-D>, <control-E>,  <con-
trol-F>,  <control-U>, <control-Y>, H, L and M.  In histori-
cal implementations of vi, these commands acted on  physical
(as  opposed  to  logical, or screen) lines.  For lines that
were sufficiently long  in  relation  to  the  size  of  the
screen,  this  meant  that single line scroll commands might
repaint the entire screen, scrolling or  screen  positioning
commands  might  not change the screen or move the cursor at
all, and some lines simply  could  not  be  displayed,  even
though  vi would edit the file that contained them.  In nvi,
these commands act on logical, i.e. screen lines.   You  are
unlikely  to  notice  any  difference unless you are editing
files with lines significantly longer than a screen width.

     Vi keeps track of the currently "most attractive"  cur-
sor  position.   Each command description (for commands that
alter the current cursor position), specifies if the  cursor
is set to a specific location in the line, or if it is moved
to the "most attractive cursor position".  The latter  means
that the cursor is moved to the cursor position that is hor-
izontally  as  close  as  possible  to  the  current  cursor










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position.   If  the  current line is shorter than the cursor
position vi would select, the cursor is  positioned  on  the
last character in the line.  (If the line is empty, the cur-
sor is positioned on the first column of the  line.)   If  a
command moves the cursor to the most attractive position, it
does not alter the current cursor position, and a subsequent
movement will again attempt to move the cursor to that posi-
tion.  Therefore, although a movement to a line shorter than
the currently most attractive position will cause the cursor
to move to the end of that line, a subsequent movement to  a
longer  line  will cause the cursor to move back to the most
attractive position.

     In addition, the $ command makes the end of  each  line
the  most  attractive cursor position rather than a specific
column.

     Each vi command described below notes where the  cursor
ends up after it is executed.  This position is described in
terms of characters on the line, i.e.  "the previous charac-
ter",  or,  "the  last  character  in the line".  This is to
avoid needing to continually refer to on what  part  of  the
character the cursor rests.

     The  following  words  have special meaning for vi com-
mands.

previous context
     The position of the cursor  before  the  command  which
     caused  the  last absolute movement was executed.  Each
     vi command described in the next section that  is  con-
     sidered an absolute movement is so noted.  In addition,
     specifying any address to an ex command  is  considered
     an absolute movement.

motion
     A second vi command can be used as an optional trailing
     argument to the vi <, >, !, c, d, y, and (depending  on
     the tildeop option) ~ commands.  This command indicates
     the end of the region of text that's  affected  by  the
     command.   The motion command may be either the command
     character repeated (in which case it means the  current
     line)  or  a  cursor  movement  command.  In the latter
     case, the region affected by the command  is  from  the
     starting  or stopping cursor position which comes first
     in the file, to  immediately  before  the  starting  or
     stopping cursor position which comes later in the file.
     Commands that operate on lines instead of using  begin-
     ning  and ending cursor positions operate on all of the
     lines that are wholly or partially in the  region.   In
     addition,  some  other  commands  become  line oriented
     depending on where in the text they are used.  The com-
     mand descriptions below note these special cases.










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     The following commands may all be used as motion compo-
     nents for vi commands:


     <control-A>    <control-H>   <control-J>   <control-M>
     <control-N>    <control-P>       <space>             $
               %   '<character>             (             )
               +              ,             -             /
               0              ;             ?             B
               E              F             G             H
               L              M             N             T
               W             [[            ]]             ^
               _   `<character>             b             e
               f              h             j             k
               l              n             t             w
               {              |             }


     The optional count prefix available for some of the  vi
     commands that take motion commands, or the count prefix
     available for the vi commands that are used  as  motion
     components,  may  be  included and is always considered
     part of the motion argument.  For example, the commands
     "c2w" and "2cw" are equivalent, and the region affected
     by the c command is two words of text.  In addition, if
     the  optional count prefix is specified for both the vi
     command and its motion component, the effect is  multi-
     plicative  and  is  considered part of the motion argu-
     ment.  For example, the commands "4cw" and  "2c2w"  are
     equivalent, and the region affected by the c command is
     four words of text.

count
     A positive number used as an optional argument to  most
     commands, either to give a size or a position (for dis-
     play or movement commands), or as a repeat  count  (for
     commands  that  modify  text).   The  count argument is
     always optional and  defaults  to  1  unless  otherwise
     noted in the command description.

     When  a  vi  command synopsis shows both a [buffer] and
     [count], they may be presented in any order.

word
     Generally, in languages where it is applicable, vi rec-
     ognizes  two kinds of words.  First, a sequence of let-
     ters, digits and underscores, delimited  at  both  ends
     by:  characters  other  than letters, digits, or under-
     scores, the beginning or end of a line, and the  begin-
     ning or end of the file.  Second, a sequence of charac-
     ters other than letters, digits, underscores, or white-
     space  characters, delimited at both ends by: a letter,











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     digit, underscore, or whitespace character, the  begin-
     ning  or end of a line, and the beginning or end of the
     file.  For example, the characters " !@#abc$%^  "  con-
     tain three words: "!@#", "abc" and "$%^".

     Groups  of empty lines (or lines containing only white-
     space characters) are treated as a single word.

bigword
     A set of non-whitespace characters  preceded  and  fol-
     lowed  by whitespace characters or the beginning or end
     of the file or line.  For  example,  the  characters  "
     !@#abc$%^ " contain one bigword: "!@#abc$%^".

     Groups  of empty lines (or lines containing only white-
     space characters) are treated as a single bigword.

paragraph
     An area of text that begins with either  the  beginning
     of  a  file,  an empty line, or a section boundary, and
     continues until either an empty line, section boundary,
     or the end of the file.

     Groups  of empty lines (or lines containing only white-
     space characters) are treated as a single paragraph.

     Additional paragraph boundaries can  be  defined  using
     the paragraphs option.

section
     An  area  of text that starts with the beginning of the
     file or a line whose first character is an  open  brace
     ("{")  and  continues until the next section or the end
     of the file.

     Additional section boundaries can be defined using  the
     sections option.

sentence
     An  area  of text that begins with either the beginning
     of the file or the first nonblank  character  following
     the  previous  sentence, paragraph, or section boundary
     and continues until the end of the  file  or  a  period
     (".")   exclamation point ("!")  or question mark ("?")
     character, followed by either  an  end-of-line  or  two
     whitespace characters.  Any number of closing parenthe-
     ses (")"), brackets ("]"), double-quote (""") or single
     quote  ("'")  characters can appear between the period,
     exclamation point, or question mark and the  whitespace
     characters or end-of-line.

     Groups  of empty lines (or lines containing only white-
     space characters) are treated as a single sentence.










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13.  Vi Commands

     The following section describes the commands  available
in  the command mode of the vi editor.  In each entry below,
the tag line is a usage synopsis for the command  character.
In  addition,  the  final  line  and column the cursor rests
upon, and any options which affect the command are noted.

[count] <control-A>
     Search forward count times for the current  word.   The
     current word begins at the first non-whitespace charac-
     ter on  or  after  the  current  cursor  position,  and
     extends up to the next non-word character or the end of
     the line.  The search is literal, i.e. no characters in
     the  word  have any special meaning in terms of Regular
     Expressions.  It is an error if no matching pattern  is
     found  between the starting position and the end of the
     file.

     The <control-A> command is an absolute  movement.   The
     <control-A> command may be used as the motion component
     of other vi commands, in which  case  any  text  copied
     into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line where the word is found.
     Column:  Set to the first character of the word.
     Options: Affected   by   the  ignorecase  and  wrapscan
              options.

[count] <control-B>
     Page backward count screens.  Two lines of overlap  are
     maintained,  if  possible,  by  displaying  the  window
     starting at line (top_line - count * window_size) +  2,
     where  window_size  is  the value of the window option.
     (In the case of split screens, this size  is  corrected
     to  the  current  screen  size.)  It is an error if the
     movement is past the beginning of the file.

     Line:    Set to the last line of text displayed on  the
              screen.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the window option.

[count] <control-D>
     Scroll forward count lines.  If count is not specified,
     scroll  forward  the  number  of lines specified by the
     last <control-D> or <control-U> command.   If  this  is
     the  first  <control-D>  or <control-U> command, scroll
     forward half the number of lines in  the  screen.   (In
     the  case  of split screens, the default scrolling dis-
     tance is corrected to half the  current  screen  size.)
     It  is  an error if the movement is past the end of the










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     file.

     Line:    Set to the current line  plus  the  number  of
              lines scrolled.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              line.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-E>
     Scroll forward count lines, leaving the cursor  on  the
     current  line  and column, if possible.  It is an error
     if the movement is past the end of the file.

     Line:    Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              first line on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-F>
     Page forward count screens.  Two lines of  overlap  are
     maintained,  if  possible,  by  displaying  the  window
     starting at line top_line + count *  window_size  -  2,
     where  window_size  is  the value of the window option.
     (In the case of split screens, this size  is  corrected
     to  the  current  screen  size.)  It is an error if the
     movement is past the end of the file.

     Line:    Set to the first line on the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              current line.
     Options: Affected by the window option.

<control-G>
     Display the file information.  The information includes
     the current pathname, the current line, the  number  of
     total lines in the file, the current line as a percent-
     age of the total lines in the file,  if  the  file  has
     been  modified,  was  able  to be locked, if the file's
     name has been changed, and if the edit session is read-
     only.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-H>
[count] h
     Move  the  cursor  back count characters in the current
     line.  It is an error if the cursor  is  on  the  first
     character in the line.










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     The  <control-H>  and  h  commands  may  be used as the
     motion component of other vi commands,  in  which  case
     any text copied into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the current - count character, or, the
              first  character  in  the  line  if  count  is
              greater than or equal to the number of charac-
              ters in the line before the cursor.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-J>
[count] <control-N>
[count] j
     Move the cursor down count lines without  changing  the
     current column.  It is an error if the movement is past
     the end of the file.

     The <control-J>, <control-N> and j commands may be used
     as  the motion component of other vi commands, in which
     case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus count.
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<control-L>
<control-R>
     Repaint the screen.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-M>
[count] +
     Move the cursor down count lines to the first  nonblank
     character of that line.  It is an error if the movement
     is past the end of the file.

     The <control-M> and +  commands  may  be  used  as  the
     motion  component  of  other vi commands, in which case
     any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus count.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-P>
[count] k
     Move  the  cursor  up count lines, without changing the
     current column.  It is an error if the movement is past










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     the beginning of the file.

     The  <control-P>  and  k  commands  may  be used as the
     motion component of other vi commands,  in  which  case
     any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line minus count.
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<control-T>
     Return to the most recent tag context.  The <control-T>
     command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the context of the  previous  tag  com-
              mand.
     Column:  Set  to  the  context of the previous tag com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-U>
     Scroll backward count lines.  If count  is  not  speci-
     fied,  scroll backward the number of lines specified by
     the last <control-D> or <control-U> command.   If  this
     is the first <control-D> or <control-U> command, scroll
     backward half the number of lines in the  screen.   (In
     the  case  of split screens, the default scrolling dis-
     tance is corrected to half the  current  screen  size.)
     It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of
     the file.

     Line:    Set to  the  current  line  minus  the  amount
              scrolled.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

<control-W>
     Switch to the next lower screen in the window,  or,  to
     the  first  screen if there are no lower screens in the
     window.

     Line:    Set to the previous  cursor  position  in  the
              window.
     Column:  Set  to  the  previous  cursor position in the
              window.
     Options: None.

[count] <control-Y>
     Scroll backward count lines, leaving the  current  line
     and  column  as is, if possible.  It is an error if the
     movement is past the beginning of the file.











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     Line:    Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case it is set to the
              last line of text displayed on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged unless the current line scrolls  off
              the  screen,  in  which  case  it  is the most
              attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<control-Z>
     Suspend the current editor session.  If  the  file  has
     been modified since it was last completely written, and
     the autowrite option is set, the file is written before
     the  editor session is suspended.  If this write fails,
     the editor session is not suspended.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: Affected by the autowrite option.

<escape>
     Execute ex commands or cancel partial commands.  If  an
     ex  command  is being entered (e.g.  /, ?, : or !), the
     command is executed.  If a  partial  command  has  been
     entered,  e.g.  "[0-9]*", or "[0-9]*[!<>cdy]", the com-
     mand is cancelled.  Otherwise, it is an error.

     Line:    When an ex command is being executed, the cur-
              rent  line  is  set as described for that com-
              mand.  Otherwise, unchanged.
     Column:  When an ex command is being executed, the cur-
              rent  column is set as described for that com-
              mand.  Otherwise, unchanged.
     Options: None.

<control-]>
     Push a tag reference onto  the  tag  stack.   The  tags
     files  (see  the  tags option for more information) are
     searched for a tag matching the current word.  The cur-
     rent  word begins at the first non-whitespace character
     on or after the current cursor position, and extends up
     to  the next non-word character or the end of the line.
     If a matching tag is found, the current  file  is  dis-
     carded  and  the  file  containing the tag reference is
     edited.

     If the current file has been modified since it was last
     completely  written,  the command will fail.  The <con-
     trol-]> command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  matching  tag
              string.
     Column:  Set to the start of the matching tag string.











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     Options: Affected by the tags and taglength options.

<control-^>
     Switch to the most recently edited file.

     If  the  file  has been modified since it was last com-
     pletely written, and the autowrite option is  set,  the
     file  is written out.  If this write fails, the command
     will fail.  Otherwise, if the  current  file  has  been
     modified since it was last completely written, the com-
     mand will fail.

     Line:    Set to the line the cursor  was  on  when  the
              file was last edited.
     Column:  Set  to  the column the cursor was on when the
              file was last edited.
     Options: Affected by the autowrite option.

[count] <space>
[count] l
     Move the cursor forward count characters without chang-
     ing  the current line.  It is an error if the cursor is
     on the last character in the line.

     The <space> and l commands may be used  as  the  motion
     component  of other vi commands, in which case any text
     copied into a buffer is character oriented.   In  addi-
     tion,  these  commands may be used as the motion compo-
     nents of other commands when the cursor is on the  last
     character in the line, without error.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  current  character plus the next
              count characters, or to the last character  on
              the  line  if count is greater than the number
              of characters in the line  after  the  current
              character.
     Options: None.

[count] ! motion shell-argument(s)<carriage-return>
     Replace  text  with results from a shell command.  Pass
     the lines specified by the count and  motion  arguments
     as  standard  input  to  the program named by the shell
     option, and replace those lines with the  output  (both
     standard error and standard output) of that command.

     After  the  motion is entered, vi prompts for arguments
     to the shell command.

     Within those arguments,  "%"  and  "#"  characters  are
     expanded   to  the  current  and  alternate  pathnames,
     respectively.  The "!"  character is expanded with  the
     command  text  of  the  previous  !   or  :!  commands.










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     (Therefore, the command !<motion>!  repeats the  previ-
     ous  !  command.)  The special meanings of "%", "#" and
     "!"  can be overridden by escaping them  with  a  back-
     slash.   If no !  or :!  command has yet been executed,
     it is an error to use an unescaped "!"  character as  a
     shell  argument.   The  !   command  does  not do shell
     expansion on the strings provided as arguments.  If any
     of  the  above expansions change the arguments the user
     entered, the command is redisplayed at  the  bottom  of
     the screen.

     Vi then executes the program named by the shell option,
     with a -c flag followed by  the  arguments  (which  are
     bundled into a single argument).

     The !  command is permitted in an empty file.

     If  the  file  has been modified since it was last com-
     pletely written, the !  command will warn you.

     Line:    The first line of the replaced text.
     Column:  The first column of the replaced text.
     Options: Affected by the shell option.

[count] # #|+|-
     Increment or decrement the  number  referenced  by  the
     cursor.   If  the  trailing  character is a + or #, the
     number is incremented by count.  If the trailing  char-
     acter is a -, the number is decremented by count.

     A  leading  "0X" or "0x" causes the number to be inter-
     preted as a hexadecimal number.  Otherwise,  a  leading
     "0"  causes  the  number  to be interpreted as an octal
     number, unless a non-octal digit is found  as  part  of
     the  number.  Otherwise, the number is interpreted as a
     decimal number, and may have a leading  +  or  -  sign.
     The  current number begins at the first non-blank char-
     acter at or after  the  current  cursor  position,  and
     extends  up to the end of the line or the first charac-
     ter that isn't a possible  character  for  the  numeric
     type.   The  format  of  the  number (e.g. leading 0's,
     signs) is retained unless the new value cannot be  rep-
     resented in the previous format.

     Octal  and  hexadecimal  numbers, and the result of the
     operation, must fit into  an  "unsigned  long".   Simi-
     larly, decimal numbers and their result must fit into a
     "signed long".  It is an error to use this command when
     the cursor is not positioned at a number.


     Line:    Unchanged.











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     Column:  Set  to the first character in the cursor num-
              ber.
     Options: None.

[count] $
     Move the cursor to the end of  a  line.   If  count  is
     specified, the cursor moves down count - 1 lines.

     It is not an error to use the $ command when the cursor
     is on the last character in the line or when  the  line
     is empty.

     The  $  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer  is character oriented, unless the cursor is at,
     or before the first nonblank character in the line,  in
     which  case it is line oriented.  It is not an error to
     use the $ command as a motion component when the cursor
     is on the last character in the line, although it is an
     error when the line is empty.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus count minus 1.
     Column:  Set to the last character in the line.
     Options: None.

%
     Move to the matching character.  The  cursor  moves  to
     the bracket character that matches the bracket found at
     the current cursor position or which is the closest one
     to  the  right  of the cursor on the line.  The bracket
     characters are defined by the  matchchars  option.   An
     error  will be reported if none of the matchchars char-
     acters is found, or if no matching character is  found.
     If  the  open and close brackes are identical (e.g.: if
     they are "'" or " )," then repeating a %  command  will
     perform  a  backwards  search from the original opening
     bracket.  Historically, any count specified  to  the  %
     command was ignored.

     The  %  command is an absolute movement.  The % command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless the starting  point  of  the
     region  is at or before the first nonblank character on
     its line, and the ending point is at or after the  last
     nonblank  character  on  its  line, in which case it is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the matching  char-
              acter.
     Column:  Set to the matching character.
     Options: None.











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&
     Repeat the previous substitution command on the current
     line.

     Historically, any count specified to the & command  was
     ignored.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged  if the cursor was on the last char-
              acter in the line, otherwise, set to the first
              nonblank character in the line.
     Options: Affected   by   the   edcompatible,  extended,
              ignorecase and magic options.

'<character>
`<character>
     Return to a context marked by  the  character  <charac-
     ter>.   If  <character>  is  the  "'" or "`" character,
     return to the previous context.  If <character> is  any
     other  character,  return to the context marked by that
     character (see the m command for more information).  If
     the  command  is  the ' command, only the line value is
     restored, and the cursor is placed on  the  first  non-
     blank  character of that line.  If the command is the `
     command, both the line and column values are  restored.

     It  is an error if the context no longer exists because
     of line deletion.   (Contexts  follow  lines  that  are
     moved, or which are deleted and then restored.)

     The ' and ` commands are both absolute movements.  They
     may be used as a motion component  for  other  vi  com-
     mands.   For  the  '  command,  any  text copied into a
     buffer is line oriented.  For the ` command,  any  text
     copied  into  a buffer is character oriented, unless it
     both starts and stops at the  first  character  in  the
     line,  in which case it is line oriented.  In addition,
     when using the ` command as a  motion  component,  com-
     mands  which  move  backward  and  started at the first
     character in the line, or move forward and ended at the
     first  character in the line, are corrected to the last
     character of the line preceding the starting and ending
     lines, respectively.

     Line:    Set to the line from the context.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line, for the ' command, and set to  the  con-
              text's column for the ` command.
     Options: None.

[count] (
     Back up count sentences.











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     The  (  command is an absolute movement.  The ( command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless the  starting  and  stopping
     points  of  the  region  are the first character in the
     line, in which case it is line oriented.  If it is line
     oriented,  the starting point of the region is adjusted
     to be the end of the line immediately before the start-
     ing cursor position.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              sentence.
     Options: Affected by the lisp option.

[count] )
     Move forward count sentences.

     The  )  command is an absolute movement.  The ) command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless the starting  point  of  the
     region  is  the  first  character in the line, in which
     case it is line oriented.  In the latter case,  if  the
     stopping  point of the region is also the first charac-
     ter in the line, it is adjusted to be the  end  of  the
     line immediately before it.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              sentence.
     Options: Affected by the lisp option.

[count] ,
     Reverse  find  character count times.  Reverse the last
     F, f, T or t command, searching the other  way  in  the
     line,  count  times.   It is an error if a F, f, T or t
     command has not been performed yet.

     The , command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character  for  the  F
              and f commands, before the character for the t
              command and after the character for the T com-
              mand.
     Options: None.












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[count] -
     Move  to the first nonblank of the previous line, count
     times.

     It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of
     the file.

     The  -  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line minus count.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[count] .
     Repeat the last vi command  that  modified  text.   The
     repeated  command may be a command and motion component
     combination.  If count is specified, it  replaces  both
     the  count  specified for the repeated command, and, if
     applicable, for  the  repeated  motion  component.   If
     count is not specified, the counts originally specified
     to the command being repeated are used again.

     As a special case, if the .  command is executed  imme-
     diately  after  the u command, the change log is rolled
     forward or backward, depending on the action of  the  u
     command.

     Line:    Set as described for the repeated command.
     Column:  Set as described for the repeated command.
     Options: None.

/RE<carriage-return>
/RE/ [offset]<carriage-return>
?RE<carriage-return>
?RE? [offset]<carriage-return>
N
n
     Search  forward  or  backward for a regular expression.
     The commands beginning with a slash ("/") character are
     forward  searches,  the commands beginning with a ques-
     tion mark ("?")  are  backward  searches.   Vi  prompts
     with  the  leading  character  on  the last line of the
     screen for a string.  It then searches forward or back-
     ward in the file for the next occurrence of the string,
     which is interpreted as a Basic Regular Expression.

     The / and ?  commands are absolute movements.  They may
     be  used as the motion components of other vi commands,
     in which case any text copied into a buffer is  charac-
     ter  oriented,  unless  the search started and ended on










USD:13-36                      Vi/Ex Reference (Vi Commands)


     the first column of a line, in which case  it  is  line
     oriented.   In addition, forward searches ending at the
     first character of a line, and backward searches begin-
     ning  at the first character in the line, are corrected
     to begin or end at the last character of  the  previous
     line.   (Note,  forward and backward searches can occur
     for both / and ?  commands, if the wrapscan  option  is
     set.)

     If an offset from the matched line is specified (i.e. a
     trailing "/" or "?"  character is followed by a  signed
     offset),  the buffer will always be line oriented (e.g.
     "/string/+0" will always guarantee a line orientation).

     The  N  command repeats the previous search, but in the
     reverse direction.  The n command repeats the  previous
     search.   If  either  the  N  or n commands are used as
     motion components for the !  command, you will  not  be
     prompted  for the text of the bang command, instead the
     previous bang command will be executed.

     Missing RE's (e.g.  "//<carriage-return>", "/<carriage-
     return>",    "??<carriage-return>",   or   "?<carriage-
     return>" search for the last search RE,  in  the  indi-
     cated direction.

     Searches may be interrupted using the <interrupt> char-
     acter.

     Multiple search patterns may  be  grouped  together  by
     delimiting them with semicolons and zero or more white-
     space characters, e.g.  /foo/ ; ?bar?  searches forward
     for  foo  and  then,  from that location, backwards for
     bar.  When search patterns are grouped together in this
     manner, the search patterns are evaluated left to right
     with the final cursor position determined by  the  last
     search pattern.

     It  is  also  permissible  to append a z command to the
     search strings, e.g.  /foo/ z.   searches  forward  for
     the  next  occurrence  of  foo, and then positions that
     line in the middle of screen.

     Line:    Set to the line in which the match occurred.
     Column:  Set to the  first  character  of  the  matched
              string.
     Options: Affected   by   the   edcompatible,  extended,
              ignorecase, magic, and wrapscan options.

0
     Move to the first character in the current line.  It is
     not an error to use the 0 command when the cursor is on
     the first character in the line,










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     The 0 command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other  vi commands, in which case it is an error if the
     cursor is on the first character in the line,  and  any
     text copied into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the line.
     Options: None.

:
     Execute an ex command.  Vi prompts for an ex command on
     the last line of the screen, using a colon (":")  char-
     acter.   The  command  is  terminated  by  a <carriage-
     return>, <newline> or <escape> character; all of  these
     characters  may  be  escaped  by using a <literal-next>
     character.  The command is then executed.

     If the ex command writes to the screen, vi will  prompt
     the user for a <carriage-return> before continuing when
     the ex command finishes.  Large amounts of output  from
     the ex command will be paged for the user, and the user
     prompted for a <carriage-return> or <space> key to con-
     tinue.   In  some cases, a quit (normally a "q" charac-
     ter) or <interrupt> may be entered to interrupt the  ex
     command.

     When  the ex command finishes, and the user is prompted
     to resume visual mode, it is  also  possible  to  enter
     another ":" character followed by another ex command.

     Line:    The  current  line is set as described for the
              ex command.
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              ex command.
     Options: Affected as described for the ex command.

[count] ;
     Repeat  the  last character find count times.  The last
     character find is one of the F, f, T or t commands.  It
     is an error if a F, f, T or t command has not been per-
     formed yet.

     The ; command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character  for  the  F
              and f commands, before the character for the t
              command and after the character for the T com-
              mand.
     Options: None.











USD:13-38                      Vi/Ex Reference (Vi Commands)


[count] < motion
[count] > motion
     Shift  lines  left or right.  Shift the number of lines
     in the region specified by the count  and  motion  left
     (for the < command) or right (for the > command) by the
     number of columns specified by the  shiftwidth  option.
     Only  whitespace  characters  are deleted when shifting
     left.  Once the first character in the line  no  longer
     contains  a whitespace character, the command will suc-
     ceed, but the line will not be modified.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the shiftwidth option.

@ buffer
     Execute a named buffer.  Execute the named buffer as vi
     commands.  The buffer may include ex commands, too, but
     they  must  be expressed as a : command.  If the buffer
     is line oriented, <newline>  characters  are  logically
     appended  to each line of the buffer.  If the buffer is
     character oriented, <newline> characters are  logically
     appended to all but the last line in the buffer.

     If the buffer name is "@", or "*", then the last buffer
     executed shall be used.  It is an error to specify "@@"
     or  "@*"  if  there were no previous buffer executions.
     The text of a buffer may contain a @ command, and it is
     possible to create infinite loops in this manner.  (The
     <interrupt> character may  be  used  to  interrupt  the
     loop.)

     Line:    The  current  line is set as described for the
              command(s).
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              command(s).
     Options: None.

[count] A
     Enter  input  mode, appending the text after the end of
     the line.  If count is specified, the text  is  repeat-
     edly  input  count  -  1 more times after input mode is
     exited.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the altwerase, autoindent, beau-
              tify,  showmatch,  ttywerase  and   wrapmargin
              options.












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[count] B
     Move backward count bigwords.  Move the cursor backward
     to the beginning of a bigword by repeating the  follow-
     ing algorithm: if the current position is at the begin-
     ning of a bigword or the character at the current posi-
     tion  cannot  be  part  of a bigword, move to the first
     character of the preceding bigword.  Otherwise, move to
     the first character of the bigword at the current posi-
     tion.  If no preceding bigword exists  on  the  current
     line,  move  to the first character of the last bigword
     on the first preceding line that contains a bigword.

     The B command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to  the  first  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[buffer] [count] C
     Change text from the current position  to  the  end-of-
     line.   If  count is specified, the input text replaces
     from the current  position  to  the  end-of-line,  plus
     count - 1 subsequent lines.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the altwerase,  autoindent,  beau-
              tify,   showmatch,  ttywerase  and  wrapmargin
              options.

[buffer] D
     Delete text from the current position  to  the  end-of-
     line.

     It is not an error to execute the D command on an empty
     line.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character before the current  char-
              acter,  or, column 1 if the cursor was on col-
              umn 1.
     Options: None.

[count] E
     Move forward count end-of-bigwords.   Move  the  cursor
     forward  to  the end of a bigword by repeating the fol-
     lowing algorithm: if the current position is the end of
     a  bigword  or the character at that position cannot be
     part of a bigword, move to the last  character  of  the










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     following bigword.  Otherwise, move to the last charac-
     ter of the bigword at the current position.  If no suc-
     ceeding bigword exists on the current line, move to the
     last character of the first bigword on the next follow-
     ing line that contains a bigword.

     The  E  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  last  character  of   the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[count] F <character>
     Search  count  times  backward through the current line
     for <character>.

     The F command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[count] G
     Move to line count, or the last line  of  the  file  if
     count not specified.

     The  G  command is an absolute movement.  The G command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to count,  if  specified,  otherwise,  the
              last line.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[count] H
     Move to the screen line count - 1 lines below  the  top
     of the screen.

     The  H  command is an absolute movement.  The H command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line count - 1 lines below the  top
              of the screen.










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     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              screen line.
     Options: None.

[count] I
     Enter input mode, inserting the text at  the  beginning
     of  the line.  If count is specified, the text input is
     repeatedly input count - 1 more times.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: None.

[count] J
     Join  lines.   If  count  is specified, count lines are
     joined; a minimum  of  two  lines  are  always  joined,
     regardless of the value of count.

     If  the  current line ends with a whitespace character,
     all whitespace is stripped from the next line.   Other-
     wise,  if  the next line starts with a open parenthesis
     ("(") do nothing.  Otherwise, if the current line  ends
     with  a  question mark ("?"), period (".")  or exclama-
     tion point ("!"), insert two spaces.  Otherwise, insert
     a single space.

     It  is  not  an error to join lines past the end of the
     file, i.e. lines that do not exist.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character after the last  character
              of the next-to-last joined line.
     Options: None.

[count] L
     Move  to the screen line count - 1 lines above the bot-
     tom of the screen.

     The L command is an absolute movement.  The  L  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vi com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line count - 1 lines above the bot-
              tom of the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              screen line.
     Options: None.

 M
     Move to the screen line in the middle of the screen.











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     The  M  command is an absolute movement.  The M command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     line oriented.

     Historically, any count specified to the M command  was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set to the line in the middle of the screen.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              screen line.
     Options: None.

[count] O
     Enter input mode, appending text in a  new  line  above
     the  current  line.   If  count  is specified, the text
     input is repeatedly input count - 1 more times.

     Historically, any count specified to the O command  was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the altwerase,  autoindent,  beau-
              tify,   showmatch,  ttywerase  and  wrapmargin
              options.

[buffer] P
     Insert text from a buffer.  Text from the  buffer  (the
     unnamed  buffer by default) is inserted before the cur-
     rent column or, if the buffer is line oriented,  before
     the current line.

     Line:    Set to the lowest numbered line insert, if the
              buffer is line oriented, otherwise  unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              appended text, if the buffer is line oriented,
              otherwise,  the last character of the appended
              text.
     Options: None.

Q
     Exit vi (or visual) mode and switch to ex mode.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  No longer relevant.
     Options: None.

[count] R
     Enter input mode, replacing the characters in the  cur-
     rent  line.   If  count is specified, the text input is
     repeatedly input count - 1 more times.










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     If the end of the current  line  is  reached,  no  more
     characters  are  replaced  and  any  further characters
     input are appended to the line.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the altwerase, autoindent, beau-
              tify,  showmatch,  ttywerase  and   wrapmargin
              options.

[buffer] [count] S
     Substitute count lines.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the altwerase,  autoindent,  beau-
              tify,   showmatch,  ttywerase  and  wrapmargin
              options.

[count] T <character>
     Search backward, count times, through the current  line
     for the character after the specified <character>.

     The  T  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  character after the searched-for
              character.
     Options: None.

U
     Restore the current line to its state before the cursor
     last moved to it.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  The first character in the line.
     Options: None.

[count] W
     Move  forward  count bigwords.  Move the cursor forward
     to the beginning of a bigword by repeating the  follow-
     ing algorithm: if the current position is within a big-
     word or the character at that position cannot  be  part
     of  a  bigword, move to the first character of the next
     bigword.  If no subsequent bigword exists on  the  cur-
     rent  line,  move  to  the first character of the first
     bigword on the first following  line  that  contains  a
     bigword.











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     The  W  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    The line containing the word selected.
     Column:  The first character of the word selected.
     Options: None.

[buffer] [count] X
     Delete count characters before the cursor.  If the num-
     ber of characters to be  deleted  is  greater  than  or
     equal  to  the number of characters to the beginning of
     the line, all of the characters before the current cur-
     sor  position,  to  the  beginning  of  the  line,  are
     deleted.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the current character minus  count,  or
              the  first  character if count is greater than
              the number of characters in  the  line  before
              the cursor.
     Options: None.

[buffer] [count] Y
     Copy (or "yank") count lines into the specified buffer.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

ZZ
     Write the file and exit vi.  The file is  only  written
     if  it  has been modified since the last complete write
     of the file to any file.

     The ZZ command will exit the editor after  writing  the
     file,  if there are no further files to edit.  Entering
     two "quit" commands (i.e.  wq, quit, xit or  ZZ)  in  a
     row  will override this check and the editor will exit,
     ignoring any files that have not yet been edited.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[count] [[
     Back up count section boundaries.

     The [[ command is an absolute movement.  The [[ command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vi com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the  starting position is
     column 0, in which case it is line oriented.










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     It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of
     the file.

     Line:    Set to the previous line that is count section
              boundaries back, or the first line of the file
              if  no more section boundaries exist preceding
              the current line.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sections option.

[count] ]]
     Move forward count section boundaries.

     The ]] command is an absolute movement.  The ]] command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless  the  starting  position  is
     column 0, in which case it is line oriented.

     It  is  an error if the movement is past the end of the
     file.

     Line:    Set to the line that is count  section  bound-
              aries forward, or to the last line of the file
              if no more section boundaries exist  following
              the current line.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sections option.

^
     Move to first nonblank character on the current line.

     The ^ command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              current line.
     Options: None.

[count] _
     Move  down count - 1 lines, to the first nonblank char-
     acter.  The _ command may be used as the motion  compo-
     nent  of  other  vi  commands,  in  which case any text
     copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     It is not an error to execute the _  command  when  the
     cursor is on the first character in the line.












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     Line:    The current line plus count - 1.
     Column:  The first nonblank character in the line.
     Options: None.

[count] a
     Enter  input mode, appending the text after the cursor.
     If count is specified, the  text  input  is  repeatedly
     input count - 1 more times.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the altwerase,  autoindent,  beau-
              tify,   showmatch,  ttywerase  and  wrapmargin
              options.

[count] b
     Move backward count words.  Move the cursor backward to
     the  beginning  of  a  word  by repeating the following
     algorithm: if the current position is at the  beginning
     of a word, move to the first character of the preceding
     word.  Otherwise, the current  position  moves  to  the
     first  character  of  the word at the current position.
     If no preceding word exists on the current  line,  move
     to  the  first  character of the last word on the first
     preceding line that contains a word.

     The b command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to  the  first  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[buffer] [count] c motion
     Change the region of text specified by  the  count  and
     motion.   If  only  part  of a single line is affected,
     then the last character being changed is marked with  a
     "$".   Otherwise,  the  region  of text is deleted, and
     input mode is entered.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the altwerase, autoindent, beau-
              tify,  showmatch,  ttywerase  and   wrapmargin
              options.

[buffer] [count] d motion
     Delete  the  region  of text specified by the count and
     motion.










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     Line:    Set to the line where the region starts.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the  line  after
              the  last character in the region.  If no such
              character exists, set to  the  last  character
              before the region.
     Options: None.

[count] e
     Move  forward count end-of-words.  Move the cursor for-
     ward to the end of a word by  repeating  the  following
     algorithm:  if  the  current  position  is the end of a
     word, move to the last character of the following word.
     Otherwise,  move  to  the last character of the word at
     the current position.  If no succeeding word exists  on
     the  current  line,  move  to the last character of the
     first word on the next following line that  contains  a
     word.

     The  e  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  last  character  of   the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[count] f <character>
     Search  forward,  count  times, through the rest of the
     current line for <character>.

     The f command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[count] i
     Enter input mode, inserting the text before the cursor.
     If  count  is  specified,  the text input is repeatedly
     input count - 1 more times.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the altwerase, autoindent, beau-
              tify,  showmatch,  ttywerase  and   wrapmargin
              options.

m <character>
     Save   the   current   context  (line  and  column)  as










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     <character>.  The exact  position  is  referred  to  by
     "`<character>".   The line is referred to by "'<charac-
     ter>".

     Historically, <character> was restricted to  lower-case
     letters.  Nvi permits the use of any character.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[count] o
     Enter  input  mode,  appending text in a new line under
     the current line.  If  count  is  specified,  the  text
     input is repeatedly input count - 1 more times.

     Historically,  any count specified to the o command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the altwerase, autoindent, beau-
              tify,  showmatch,  ttywerase  and   wrapmargin
              options.

[buffer] p
     Append  text  from a buffer.  Text from the buffer (the
     unnamed buffer by default) is appended after  the  cur-
     rent  column  or, if the buffer is line oriented, after
     the current line.

     Line:    Set to the first line appended, if the  buffer
              is line oriented, otherwise unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              appended text if the buffer is line  oriented,
              otherwise,  the last character of the appended
              text.
     Options: None.

[count] r <character>
     Replace characters.  The next count characters  in  the
     line  are replaced with <character>.  Replacing charac-
     ters with <newline> characters results in creating new,
     empty lines into the file.

     If <character> is <escape>, the command is cancelled.

     Line:    Unchanged  unless the replacement character is
              a <newline>, in which case it is  set  to  the
              current line plus count - 1.
     Column:  Set to the last character replaced, unless the
              replacement character is a <newline>, in which










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              case  the  cursor  is  in column 1 of the last
              line inserted.
     Options: None.

[buffer] [count] s
     Substitute count characters in the current line  start-
     ing with the current character.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the altwerase,  autoindent,  beau-
              tify,   showmatch,  ttywerase  and  wrapmargin
              options.

[count] t <character>
     Search forward, count times, through the  current  line
     for the character immediately before <character>.

     The  t  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the character before the searched-for
              character.
     Options: None.

u
     Undo the last change made to the  file.   If  repeated,
     the  u command alternates between these two states, and
     is its own inverse.  When used  after  an  insert  that
     inserted  text  on  more  than  one line, the lines are
     saved in the numeric buffers.

     The .  command, when used immediately after the u  com-
     mand,  causes  the  change  log to be rolled forward or
     backward, depending on the action of the u command.

     Line:    Set to the position of the first line changed,
              if  the reversal affects only one line or rep-
              resents an addition or change; otherwise,  the
              line preceding the deleted text.
     Column:  Set  to  the cursor position before the change
              was made.
     Options: None.

[count] w
     Move forward count words.  Move the cursor  forward  to
     the  beginning  of  a  word  by repeating the following
     algorithm: if the current position is at the  beginning
     of  a  word,  move  to  the first character of the next
     word.  If no subsequent  word  exists  on  the  current










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     line,  move to the first character of the first word on
     the first following line that contains a word.

     The w command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to  the  first  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[buffer] [count] x
     Delete count characters.  The deletion is at  the  cur-
     rent  character  position.  If the number of characters
     to be deleted is greater than or equal to the number of
     characters  to  the end of the line, all of the charac-
     ters from the current cursor position to the end of the
     line are deleted.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged  unless  the  last  character in the
              line is deleted and the cursor is not  already
              on  the  first character in the line, in which
              case it is set to the previous character.
     Options: None.

[buffer] [count] y motion
     Copy (or "yank") the text region specified by the count
     and motion, into a buffer.

     Line:    Unchanged,  unless the region covers more than
              a single line, in which case it is set to  the
              line where the region starts.
     Column:  Unchanged,  unless the region covers more than
              a single line, in which case it is set to  the
              character were the region starts.
     Options: None.

[count1] z [count2] type
     Redraw the screen with a window count2 lines long, with
     line count1 placed as specified by the type  character.
     If  count1 is not specified, it defaults to the current
     line.  If count2 is not specified, it defaults  to  the
     current window size.

     The following type characters may be used:

     +        If  count1 is specified, place the line count1
              at the top of the screen.  Otherwise,  display
              the screen after the current screen, similarly
              to the <control-F> command.











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     <carriage-return>
              Place the  line  count1  at  the  top  of  the
              screen.
     .        Place  the  line  count1  in the center of the
              screen.
     -        Place the line count1 at  the  bottom  of  the
              screen.
     ^        If count1 is specified, place the line that is
              at the top of the screen when count1 is at the
              bottom  of  the  screen,  at the bottom of the
              screen, i.e. display  the  screen  before  the
              screen  before count1.  Otherwise, display the
              screen before the current screen, similarly to
              the <control-B> command.

     Line:    Set  to  count1 unless count1 is not specified
              and the type character was either "^" or  "+",
              in which case it is set to the line before the
              first line on the previous screen or the  line
              after  the  last  line on the previous screen,
              respectively.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[count] {
     Move backward count paragraphs.

     The  {  command is an absolute movement.  The { command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vi  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless the  starting  character  is
     the  first  character  on its line, in which case it is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the previous paragraph.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the paragraph option.

[count] |
     Move to a specific column position on the current line.

     The  |  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vi commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer  is  character  oriented.  It is an error to use
     the | command as a motion component and for the  cursor
     not to move.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  character  occupying  the column
              position identified by count, if the  position










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              exists  in  the line.  If the column length of
              the current line is less than count, the  cur-
              sor  is  moved  to  the  last character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[count] }
     Move forward count paragraphs.

     The } command is an absolute movement.  The  }  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vi com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character oriented, unless the starting character is at
     or before any nonblank characters in its line, in which
     case it is line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the next paragraph.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the paragraph option.

[count] ~
     Reverse  the case of the next count character(s).  This
     is the historic semantic for the ~ command  and  it  is
     only in effect if the tildeop option is not set.

     Lowercase  alphabetic  characters are changed to upper-
     case, and uppercase characters are  changed  to  lower-
     case.  No other characters are affected.

     Historically,  the ~ command did not take an associated
     count, nor did it move past  the  end  of  the  current
     line.   As it had no associated motion it was difficult
     to change the case of large blocks of text.  In nvi, if
     the  cursor  is  on  the  last character of a line, and
     there are more lines in the file, the cursor  moves  to
     the next line.

     It  is  not an error to specify a count larger than the
     number of characters between the cursor and the end  of
     the file.

     Line:    Set  to  the line of the character after count
              characters, or, end of file.
     Column:  Set to the character after  count  characters,
              or, end-of-file.
     Options: Affected by the tildeop option.

[count] ~ motion
     Reverse  the  case  of  the characters in a text region
     specified by the count and motion.  Only in  effect  if
     the tildeop option is set.










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     Lowercase  characters  are  changed  to  uppercase, and
     uppercase characters  are  changed  to  lowercase.   No
     other characters are affected.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line  of the character after the
              last character in the region.
     Column:  Set to the character after the last  character
              in the region.
     Options: Affected by the tildeop option.

<interrupt>
     Interrupt  the  current  operation.  Many of the poten-
     tially long-running  vi  commands  may  be  interrupted
     using  the  terminal interrupt character.  These opera-
     tions include searches, file reading and writing,  fil-
     ter operations and map character expansion.  Interrupts
     are also enabled when running commands outside of vi.

     If the <interrupt> character is used to interrupt while
     entering  an  ex  command,  the command is aborted, the
     cursor returns to its previous position, and vi remains
     in command mode.

     Generally,  if  the  <interrupt>  character  is used to
     interrupt any operation, any changes  made  before  the
     interrupt are left in place.

     Line:    Dependent  on the operation being interrupted.
     Column:  Dependent on the operation being  interrupted.
     Options: None.

     14.  Vi Text Input Commands

          The   following  section  describes  the  commands
     available in the text input mode of the vi editor.

          Historically, vi  implementations  only  permitted
     the  characters  inserted  on  the  current  line to be
     erased.  In addition, only the <control-D> erase  char-
     acter  and  the "0<control-D>" and "^<control-D>" erase
     strings could erase autoindent characters.  (Autoindent
     characters  include  both the characters inserted auto-
     matically at the beginning of an input line as well  as
     characters  inserted  using  the  <control-T> command.)
     This implementation permits erasure  to  continue  past
     the  beginning  of  the current line, and back to where
     text input mode was entered.  In  addition,  autoindent
     characters may be erased using the standard erase char-
     acters.  For the line and word erase characters, reach-
     ing  the autoindent characters forms a "soft" boundary,
     denoting the end of the current  word  or  line  erase.
     Repeating  the  word  or  line erase key will erase the
     autoindent characters.










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          Historically, vi always used <control-H> and <con-
     trol-W> as character and word erase characters, respec-
     tively, regardless of the  current  terminal  settings.
     This  implementation  accepts, in addition to these two
     characters, the current terminal characters  for  those
     operations.

     <nul>
          If  the  first  character of the input is a <nul>,
          the  previous  input  is  replayed,  as  if   just
          entered.

     <control-D>
          If  the  previous  character  on  the  line was an
          autoindent character, erase characters to move the
          cursor  back  to  the column immediately after the
          previous (1-based) column which is a  multiple  of
          the  shiftwidth  edit  option.  This may result in
          any number of <tab> and <space> characters preced-
          ing the cursor being changed.

          Otherwise, if the autoindent option is set and the
          user is entering the first character in the  line,
          <control-D>  is  ignored.   Otherwise,  a  literal
          <control-D> character is entered.

     ^<control-D>
          If the previous  character  on  the  line  was  an
          autoindent  character, erase all of the autoindent
          characters on the line.  In addition, the  autoin-
          dent level is reset to 0.

     0<control-D>
          If  the  previous  character  on  the  line was an
          autoindent character, erase all of the  autoindent
          characters  on  the line.  The autoindent level is
          not altered.

     <control-T>
          Insert sufficient <tab> and <space> characters  to
          move  the cursor forward to the column immediately
          after the next (1-based) column which is a  multi-
          ple  of  the  shiftwidth  edit  option.   This may
          result in any number of <tab> and <space>  charac-
          ters preceding the cursor being changed.

          Historically,  vi  did  not permit the <control-T>
          command to be used unless the cursor  was  at  the
          first column of a new line or it was preceded only
          by autoindent characters.  Nvi permits  it  to  be
          used at any time during insert mode.












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     <erase>
     <control-H>
          Erase the last character.

     <literal-next>
          Quote the next character.  The next character will
          not be mapped (see the map command for more infor-
          mation)  or  interpreted specially.  A carat ("^")
          character  will  be  displayed  immediately  as  a
          placeholder,  but  will  be  replaced  by the next
          character.

     <escape>
          If on the colon command line, and the  filec  edit
          option  is  set,  behave  as  described  for  that
          option.  Otherwise, if on the colon command  line,
          execute  the  command.   Otherwise,  if not on the
          colon command line, resolve all  text  input  into
          the file, and return to command mode.

     <line erase>
          Erase the current line.

     <control-W>
     <word erase>
          Erase  the  last  word.  The definition of word is
          dependent on the altwerase and ttywerase  options.

     <control-X>[0-9A-Fa-f]+
          Insert  a character with the specified hexadecimal
          value into the text.  The value  is  delimited  by
          any  non-hexadecimal character or the input of the
          maximum number of characters that  can  be  trans-
          lated into a single character value.

     <interrupt>
          Interrupt  text  input  mode, returning to command
          mode.  If the <interrupt>  character  is  used  to
          interrupt  inserting  text into the file, it is as
          if the <escape> character was used; all text input
          up  to the interruption is resolved into the file.

     15.  Ex Addressing

          Addressing in ex (and when ex  commands  are  exe-
     cuted  from  vi)  relates to the current line.  In gen-
     eral, the current line is the last line affected  by  a
     command.   The exact effect on the current line is dis-
     cussed under the description of each command.  When the
     file contains no lines, the current line is zero.

          Addresses  are  constructed  by one or more of the
     following methods:










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      (1)   The address "."  refers to the current line.

      (2)   The address "$" refers to the last line  of  the
            file.

      (3)   The  address  "N", where N is a positive number,
            refers to the N-th line of the file.

      (4)   The  address  "'<character>"  or  "`<character>"
            refers to the line marked with the name <charac-
            ter>.  (See the k or m commands for more  infor-
            mation on how to mark lines.)

      (5)   A  regular  expression  (RE) enclosed by slashes
            ("/") is an address, and it refers to the  first
            line  found  by  searching forward from the line
            after the current line toward  the  end  of  the
            file,  and stopping at the first line containing
            a string matching the RE.  (The  trailing  slash
            can  be omitted at the end of the command line.)

            If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "//",
            the  last  RE used in any command is used in the
            search.

            If the extended option is set, the RE is handled
            as an extended RE, not a basic RE.  If the wrap-
            scan option is set, the search wraps  around  to
            the  beginning  of  the file and continues up to
            and including the  current  line,  so  that  the
            entire file is searched.

            The  form "\/" is accepted for historic reasons,
            and is identical to "//".

      (6)   An  RE  enclosed   in   question   marks   ("?")
            addresses  the  first  line  found  by searching
            backward from the  line  preceding  the  current
            line, toward the beginning of the file and stop-
            ping at  the  first  line  containing  a  string
            matching  the  RE.   (The trailing question mark
            can be omitted at the end of a command line.)

            If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "??",
            the  last  RE used in any command is used in the
            search.

            If the extended option is set, the RE is handled
            as an extended RE, not a basic RE.  If the wrap-
            scan option is set,  the  search   wraps  around
            from the beginning of the file to the end of the
            file and continues up to and including the  cur-
            rent  line, so that the entire file is searched.










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            The form "\?"  is accepted for historic reasons,
            and is identical to "??".

      (7)   An  address  followed  by a plus sign ("+") or a
            minus sign ("-") followed by a number is an off-
            set  address  and refers to the address plus (or
            minus) the indicated number of  lines.   If  the
            address  is omitted, the addition or subtraction
            is done with respect to the current line.

      (8)   An address of "+" or "-" followed by a number is
            an  offset  from the current line.  For example,
            "-5" is the same as ".-5".

      (9)   An address ending with "+" or "-" has 1 added to
            or  subtracted  from  the address, respectively.
            As a consequence of this rule and of the  previ-
            ous  rule,  the  address  "-" refers to the line
            preceding the current line.  Moreover,  trailing
            "+" and "-" characters have a cumulative effect.
            For example, "++-++" refers to the current  line
            plus 3.

      (10)  A  percent  sign  ("%")  is  equivalent  to  the
            address range "1,$".

          Ex commands require zero, one, or  two  addresses.
     It is an error to specify an address to a command which
     requires zero addresses.

          If the user provides more than the expected number
     of  addresses  to  any  ex command, the first addresses
     specified are discarded.  For  example,  "1,2,3,5"print
     prints  lines  3  through  5, because the print command
     only takes two addresses.

          The addresses in a range are separated  from  each
     other  by  a  comma (",") or a semicolon (";").  In the
     latter case, the current line  (".")   is  set  to  the
     first address, and only then is the second address cal-
     culated.  This feature can be  used  to  determine  the
     starting  line  for  forward and backward searches (see
     rules (5) and (6) above).  The second  address  of  any
     two-address  sequence  corresponds  to a line that fol-
     lows, in the file, the line corresponding to the  first
     address.   The first address must be less than or equal
     to the second  address.   The  first  address  must  be
     greater  than  or  equal to the first line of the file,
     and the last address must be less than or equal to  the
     last line of the file.













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     16.  Ex Description

          The  following  words have special meanings for ex
     commands.

     <end-of-file>
          The end-of-file character is used  to  scroll  the
          screen  in  the ex editor.  This character is nor-
          mally <control-D>.  However, whatever character is
          set  for the current terminal is supported as well
          as <control-D>.

     line
          A single-line address, given in any of  the  forms
          described in the section entitled "Ex Addressing".
          The default for line is the current line.

     range
          A line, or a pair of line addresses, separated  by
          a  comma  or semicolon.  (See the section entitled
          "Ex  Addressing"  for  more   information.)    The
          default  for  range is the current line only, i.e.
          ".,.".  A percent sign ("%") stands for the  range
          "1,$".  The starting address must be less than, or
          equal to, the ending address.

     count
          A positive integer, specifying the number of lines
          to  be  affected by the command; the default is 1.
          Generally, a count past  the  end-of-file  may  be
          specified,  e.g. the command "p 3000" in a 10 line
          file is acceptable, and will print from  the  cur-
          rent line through the last line in the file.

     flags
          One  or  more of the characters "#", "p", and "l".
          When a command that accepts these flags completes,
          the addressed line(s) are written out as if by the
          corresponding #, l or p  commands.   In  addition,
          any  number of "+" or "-" characters can be speci-
          fied before, after, or during the flags, in  which
          case  the  line written is not necessarily the one
          affected by  the  command,  but  rather  the  line
          addressed  by  the  offset address specified.  The
          default for flags is none.

     file
          A pattern used to derive a pathname;  the  default
          is  the current file.  File names are subjected to
          normal sh(1) word expansions.

          Anywhere a file name is specified, it is also pos-
     sible  to  use the special string "/tmp".  This will be










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     replaced with a temporary file name which can  be  used
     for temporary work, e.g.  ":e /tmp" creates and edits a
     new file.

          If both a count and a range are specified for com-
     mands  that  use either, the starting line for the com-
     mand is the last  line  addressed  by  the  range,  and
     count-  subsequent  lines  are affected by the command,
     e.g. the command "2,3p4" prints out lines 3, 4,  5  and
     6.

          When  only  a  line or range is specified, with no
     command, the implied command is either a  list,  number
     or  print command.  The command used is the most recent
     of the three commands to have been used (including  any
     use  as  a  flag).  If none of these commands have been
     used before, the print command is the implied  command.
     When  no  range  or  count is specified and the command
     line is a blank line, the current line  is  incremented
     by 1 and then the current line is displayed.

          Zero  or more whitespace characters may precede or
     follow the addresses, count, flags,  or  command  name.
     Any  object  following  a command name (such as buffer,
     file, etc.), that begins with an alphabetic  character,
     should  be  separated from the command name by at least
     one whitespace character.

          Any character,  including  <carriage-return>,  "%"
     and  "#"  retain their literal value when preceded by a
     backslash.

     17.  Ex Commands

          The  following  section  describes  the   commands
     available  in  the ex editor.  In each entry below, the
     tag line is a usage synopsis for the command.

          Each command can be entered  as  the  abbreviation
     (those  characters in the synopsis command word preced-
     ing the "[" character), the full command  (all  charac-
     ters  shown  for the command word, omitting the "[" and
     "]" characters), or any leading subset of the full com-
     mand  down  to the abbreviation.  For example, the args
     command (shown as "ar[gs]"  in  the  synopsis)  can  be
     entered as "ar", "arg" or "args".

          Each ex command described below notes the new cur-
     rent line after it is executed, as well as any  options
     that affect the command.

     "
          A  comment.   Command  lines  beginning  with  the










USD:13-60                      Vi/Ex Reference (Ex Commands)


          double-quote character (""")  are  ignored.   This
          permits  comments  in  editor  scripts and startup
          files.

     <control-D>

     <end-of-file>
          Scroll the screen.  Write the next N lines,  where
          N  is the value of the scroll option.  The command
          is the end-of-file terminal character,  which  may
          be  different  on different terminals.  Tradition-
          ally, it is the <control-D> key.

          Historically, the eof command ignored any  preced-
          ing  count,  and  the  <end-of-file> character was
          ignored unless it was entered as the first charac-
          ter of the command.  This implementation treats it
          as a command only if entered as the first  charac-
          ter  of  the command line, and otherwise treats it
          as any other character.

          Line:    Set to the last line written.
          Options: Affected by the scroll option.

     ! argument(s)
     [range]! argument(s)
          Execute a shell command, or filter lines through a
          shell command.  In the first synopsis, the remain-
          der of the line after the "!"  character is passed
          to  the  program  named  by the shell option, as a
          single argument.

          Within the rest of  the  line,  "%"  and  "#"  are
          expanded into the current and alternate pathnames,
          respectively.  The character "!"  is expanded with
          the  command  text  of  the  previous  !  command.
          (Therefore, the command !!  repeats the previous !
          command.)   The  special meanings of "%", "#", and
          "!"  can be overridden by  escaping  them  with  a
          backslash.   If  no !  or :!  command has yet been
          executed, it is an error to use an  unescaped  "!"
          character.   The  !   command  does  not  do shell
          expansion on the strings  provided  as  arguments.
          If  any of the above expansions change the command
          the user entered, the command  is  redisplayed  at
          the bottom of the screen.

          Ex  then  executes  the program named by the shell
          option, with a -c flag followed by  the  arguments
          (which are bundled into a single argument).

          The !  command is permitted in an empty file.











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          If  the  file  has been modified since it was last
          completely written, the command will warn you.

          A single "!"  character is displayed when the com-
          mand completes.

          In  the second form of the !  command, the remain-
          der of the line after the "!"  is  passed  to  the
          program  named  by  the shell option, as described
          above.  The specified lines are passed to the pro-
          gram as standard input, and the standard and stan-
          dard error output of the program replace the orig-
          inal lines.

          Line:    Unchanged if no range was specified, oth-
                   erwise set  to  the  first  line  of  the
                   range.
          Options: Affected by the shell and warn options.

     [range] # [count] [flags]
     [range] nu[mber] [count] [flags]
          Display the selected lines, each preceded with its
          line number.

          The line number format is "%6d", followed  by  two
          spaces.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the list option.

     @ buffer
     * buffer
          Execute  a  buffer.  Each line in the named buffer
          is executed as an ex command.   If  no  buffer  is
          specified,  or  if  the specified buffer is "@" or
          "*", the last buffer executed is used.

     [range] <[< ...] [count] [flags]
          Shift lines left or right.   The  specified  lines
          are  shifted  to  the  left (for the < command) or
          right (for the > command), by the number  of  col-
          umns  specified  by  the  shiftwidth option.  Only
          leading whitespace  characters  are  deleted  when
          shifting  left;  once the first column of the line
          contains a nonblank character, the  shift  command
          will succeed, but the line will not be modified.

          If  the  command character < or > is repeated more
          than once, the command is repeated once  for  each
          additional command character.

          Line:    If  the current line is set to one of the
                   lines that are affected by  the  command,










USD:13-62                      Vi/Ex Reference (Ex Commands)


                   it is unchanged.  Otherwise, it is set to
                   the first nonblank character of the  low-
                   est numbered line shifted.
          Options: Affected by the shiftwidth option.

     [line] = [flags]
          Display the line number of line (which defaults to
          the last line in the file).

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [range] >[> ...] [count] [flags]
          Shift right.  The specified lines are  shifted  to
          the  right  by  the number of columns specified by
          the shiftwidth option, by inserting tab and  space
          characters.  Empty lines are not changed.

          If the command character ">" is repeated more than
          once, the command is repeated once for each  addi-
          tional command character.

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: Affected by the shiftwidth option.

     ab[brev] lhs rhs
          Add an abbreviation to  the  current  abbreviation
          list.  When inserting text in vi, each time a non-
          word character is entered after a word  character,
          a  set  of characters ending at the word character
          are checked for a match with lhs.  If a  match  is
          found,  they  are  replaced  with rhs.  The set of
          characters  that  are  checked  for  a  match  are
          defined  as  follows,  for inexplicable historical
          reasons.  If  only  one  or  two  characters  were
          entered  before  the non-word character that trig-
          gered the check, and after the  beginning  of  the
          insertion,  or  the  beginning  of the line or the
          file, or  the  last  <blank>  character  that  was
          entered,  then  the one or the both characters are
          checked for a match.  Otherwise, the set  includes
          both  characters,  as  well as the characters that
          precede them that are the same  word  class  (i.e.
          word  or non-word) as the second to last character
          entered before the non-word character  that  trig-
          gered  the check, back to the first <blank>charac-
          ter, the beginning of the insertion, or the begin-
          ning of the line or the file.

          For example, the abbreviations:












Vi/Ex Reference (Ex Commands)                      USD:13-63


          :abbreviate   abc    ABC
          :abbreviate   #i     #include
          :abbreviate   /*#i   /*#include

          will all work, while the abbreviations:


          :abbreviate   a#i   A#include
          :abbreviate   /*    /********************

          will not work, and are not permitted by nvi.

          To keep the abbreviation expansion from happening,
          the character immediately following the lhs  char-
          acters  should  be  quoted  with  a <literal-next>
          character.

          The replacement rhs is itself subject to both fur-
          ther abbreviation expansion and further map expan-
          sion.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [line] a[ppend][!]
          The input text is appended to the specified  line.
          If  line  0  is specified, the text is inserted at
          the beginning of the file.  Set to the  last  line
          input.   If  no lines are input, then set to line,
          or to the first line of the file if a  line  of  0
          was  specified.  Following the command name with a
          "!"  character causes the autoindent option to  be
          toggled for the duration of the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected  by  the  autoindent  and number
                   options.

     ar[gs]
          Display the argument list.  The  current  argument
          is  displayed  inside  of  "[" and "]" characters.
          The argument list is the list of  operands  speci-
          fied  on  startup, which can be replaced using the
          next command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     bg
          Vi mode only.  Background the current screen.  The
          screen  is  unchanged, but is no longer accessible
          and disappears  from  the  display.   Use  the  fg











USD:13-64                      Vi/Ex Reference (Ex Commands)


          command  to  bring  the screen back to the display
          foreground.

          Line:    Set to the current line when  the  screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.

     [range] c[hange][!] [count]
          Replace  the lines with input text.  Following the
          command name with  a  "!"   character  causes  the
          autoindent  option  to be toggled for the duration
          of the command.

          Line:    Set to the last line  input,  or,  if  no
                   lines  were input, set to the line before
                   the target line, or to the first line  of
                   the  file if there are no lines preceding
                   the target line.
          Options: Affected by  the  autoindent  and  number
                   options.

     chd[ir][!] [directory]
     cd[!] [directory]
          Change  the current working directory.  The direc-
          tory argument is subjected to  sh(1)  word  expan-
          sions.   When  invoked  with no directory argument
          and the HOME  environment  variable  is  set,  the
          directory  named  by the HOME environment variable
          becomes the new current directory.  Otherwise, the
          new   current   directory  becomes  the  directory
          returned by the getpwent(3) routine.

          The chdir command will fail if the file  has  been
          modified  since  the  last  complete  write of the
          file.  You can override this check by appending  a
          "!"  character to the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the cdpath option.

     [range] co[py] line [flags]
     [range] t line [flags]
          Copy  the specified lines (range) after the desti-
          nation line.  Line 0 may be  specified  to  insert
          the lines at the beginning of the file.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     cs[cope] command [args]
          Execute  a  cscope command.  For more information,
          see the section of the reference  manual  entitled
          "Tags, Tag Stacks, and Cscope".










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     [range] d[elete] [buffer] [count] [flags]
          Delete  the lines from the file.  The deleted text
          is saved in the specified buffer, or, if no buffer
          is  specified, in the unnamed buffer.  If the com-
          mand name is followed by a letter  that  could  be
          interpreted  as  either  a  buffer  name or a flag
          value (because neither a  count  or  flags  values
          were given), ex treats the letter as a flags value
          if the  letter  immediately  follows  the  command
          name,  without  any whitespace separation.  If the
          letter is preceded by  whitespace  characters,  it
          treats it as a buffer name.

          Line:    Set  to  the  line  following the deleted
                   lines, or to the last line if the deleted
                   lines were at the end.
          Options: None.

     di[splay] b[uffers] | c[onnections] | s[creens] |
          t[ags]
          Display buffers, cscope  connections,  screens  or
          tags.   The  display  command  takes  one of three
          additional arguments, which are as follows:

          b[uffers]
                   Display  all  buffers  (including  named,
                   unnamed,  and numeric) that contain text.
          c[onnections]
                   Display the source  directories  for  all
                   attached cscope databases.
          s[creens]
                   Display  the file names of all background
                   screens.
          t[ags]   Display the tags stack.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     e[dit][!] [+cmd] [file]
     ex[!] [+cmd] [file]
          Edit a different file.  If the current buffer  has
          been  modified  since the last complete write, the
          command will  fail.   You  can  override  this  by
          appending a "!"  character to the command name.

          If the "+cmd" option is specified, that ex command
          will be executed in the new file.  Any ex  command
          may  be used, although the most common use of this
          feature is to specify a line number or search pat-
          tern  to set the initial location in the new file.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Edit  or  Ex, while in vi mode, will edit the file










USD:13-66                      Vi/Ex Reference (Ex Commands)


          in a new screen.  In this case, any  modifications
          to the current file are ignored.

          Line:    If  you  have previously edited the file,
                   the current line will be set to your last
                   position  in  the file.  If that position
                   does not exist, or you  have  not  previ-
                   ously  edited  the file, the current line
                   will be set to the first line of the file
                   if  you are in vi mode, and the last line
                   of the file if you are in ex.
          Options: None.

     exu[sage] [command]
          Display usage for an ex command.   If  command  is
          specified,  a  usage statement for that command is
          displayed.  Otherwise, usage statements for all ex
          commands are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     f[ile] [file]
          Display and optionally change the file name.  If a
          file name is specified, the  current  pathname  is
          changed  to the specified name.  The current path-
          name, the number of lines, and the  current  posi-
          tion in the file are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     fg [name]
          Vi  mode  only.   Foreground the specified screen.
          If the argument name  doesn't  exactly  match  the
          name  of  a file displayed by a background screen,
          it is compared against the last component of  each
          of  the  file  names.   If no background screen is
          specified, the first background  screen  is  fore-
          grounded.

          By   default,  foregrounding  causes  the  current
          screen to be swapped with the backgrounded screen.
          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Fg, will foreground the backgrounded screen  in  a
          new screen instead of swapping it with the current
          screen.

          Line:    Set to the current line when  the  screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.












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     [range] g[lobal] /pattern/ [commands]
     [range] v /pattern/ [commands]
          Apply commands to lines matching (or not matching)
          a pattern.  The lines within the given range  that
          match  ("g[lobal]"),  or  do  not  match ("v") the
          given pattern are selected.  Then,  the  specified
          ex  command(s)  are executed with the current line
          (".")  set to each selected line.  If no range  is
          specified,  the entire file is searched for match-
          ing, or not matching, lines.

          Multiple commands can be specified, one per  line,
          by  escaping each <newline> character with a back-
          slash, or by separating commands with a "|"  char-
          acter.   If no commands are specified, the command
          defaults to the print command.

          For the append, change and  insert  commands,  the
          input  text  must  be  part  of the global command
          line.  In this case, the terminating period can be
          omitted if it ends the commands.

          The visual command may also be specified as one of
          the ex commands.  In this  mode,  input  is  taken
          from  the  terminal.   Entering  a Q command in vi
          mode causes the next line matching the pattern  to
          be selected and vi to be reentered, until the list
          is exhausted.

          The global, v and undo commands cannot be used  as
          part of these commands.

          The   editor  options  autoindent,  autoprint  and
          report are turned off  for  the  duration  of  the
          global and v commands.

          Line:    The last line modified.
          Options: Affected  by  the  ignorecase  and  magic
                   options.  Turns off the autoindent, auto-
                   print and report options.

     he[lp]
          Display a help message.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [line] i[nsert][!]
          The  input  text  is inserted before the specified
          line.  Following  the  command  name  with  a  "!"
          character  causes the autoindent option setting to
          be toggled for the duration of this command.











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          Line:    Set to the last line input; if  no  lines
                   were  input,  set  to the line before the
                   target line, or to the first line of  the
                   file  if there are no lines preceding the
                   target line.  Affected by the  autoindent
                   and number options.

     [range] j[oin][!] [count] [flags]
          Join lines of text together.

          A  count  specified  to the command specifies that
          the last line of the range plus  count  subsequent
          lines  will be joined.  (Note, this differs by one
          from the general rule where only count- subsequent
          lines are affected.)

          If the current line ends with a whitespace charac-
          ter, all whitespace  is  stripped  from  the  next
          line.   Otherwise,  if the next line starts with a
          open parenthesis ("("), do nothing.  Otherwise, if
          the  current line ends with a question mark ("?"),
          period (".")  or exclamation point  ("!"),  insert
          two spaces.  Otherwise, insert a single space.

          Appending  a  "!"   character  to the command name
          causes a simpler join with no white-space process-
          ing.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [range] l[ist] [count] [flags]
          Display  the  lines  unambiguously.  Tabs are dis-
          played as "^I", and the end of the line is  marked
          with a "$" character.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the number option.

     map[!] [lhs rhs]
          Define or display maps (for vi only).

          If  "lhs" and "rhs" are not specified, the current
          set of command mode maps are displayed.  If a  "!"
          character  is appended to to the command, the text
          input mode maps are displayed.

          Otherwise, when the "lhs"  character  sequence  is
          entered in vi, the action is as if the correspond-
          ing "rhs" had been entered.  If a  "!"   character
          is  appended  to  the command name, the mapping is
          effective during text input mode, otherwise, it is
          effective  during command mode.  This allows "lhs"










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          to have two different  macro  definitions  at  the
          same  time: one for command mode and one for input
          mode.

          Whitespace  characters  require  escaping  with  a
          <literal-next>  character to be entered in the lhs
          string in visual mode.

          Normally, keys in the rhs string are remapped (see
          the  remap  option),  and it is possible to create
          infinite loops.  However, keys which map to  them-
          selves are not further remapped, regardless of the
          setting of the remap  option.   For  example,  the
          command  ":map  n  nz."  maps the "n" key to the n
          and z commands.

          To exit an infinitely looping map, use the  termi-
          nal <interrupt> character.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the remap option.

     [line] ma[rk] <character>
     [line] k <character>
          Mark  the  line  with  the  mark <character>.  The
          expressions "'<character>" and "`<character>"  can
          then  be  used  as  an address in any command that
          uses one.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [range] m[ove] line
          Move the specified lines after the target line.  A
          target line of 0 places the lines at the beginning
          of the file.

          Line:    Set to the first of the moved lines.
          Options: None.

     mk[exrc][!] file
          Write the abbreviations, editor options  and  maps
          to  the specified file.  Information is written in
          a form which can later be read back in  using  the
          ex  source  command.   If file already exists, the
          mkexrc command will fail.  This check can be over-
          ridden  by  appending a "!"  character to the com-
          mand.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.












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     n[ext][!] [file ...]
          Edit the next file from the  argument  list.   The
          next  command will fail if the file has been modi-
          fied since the last complete  write.   This  check
          can  be overridden by appending the "!"  character
          to  the  command  name.   The  argument  list  can
          optionally  be replaced by specifying a new one as
          arguments to this command.  In this case,  editing
          starts with the first file on the new list.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Next, while in vi mode, will set the argument list
          and  edit the file in a new screen.  In this case,
          any modifications to the current file are ignored.

          Line:    Set as described for the edit command.
          Options: Affected  by  the  options  autowrite and
                   writeany.

     [line] o[pen] /pattern/ [flags]
          Enter open mode.  Open mode is the same  as  being
          in  vi, but with a one-line window.  All the stan-
          dard vi commands are available.   If  a  match  is
          found  for the optional RE argument, the cursor is
          set to the start of the matching pattern.

          This command is not yet implemented.

          Line:    Unchanged,  unless  the  optional  RE  is
                   specified, in which case it is set to the
                   line where the matching pattern is found.
          Options: Affected by the open option.

     pre[serve]
          Save  the  file in a form that can later be recov-
          ered using the ex -r option.   When  the  file  is
          preserved, an email message is sent to the user.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     prev[ious][!]
          Edit  the  previous  file  from the argument list.
          The previous command will fail  if  the  file  has
          been modified since the last complete write.  This
          check can  be  overridden  by  appending  the  "!"
          character to the command name.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Previous, while in vi mode, will edit the file  in
          a  new screen.  In this case, any modifications to
          the current file are ignored.











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          Line:    Set as described for the edit command.
          Options: Affected by  the  options  autowrite  and
                   writeany.  None.

     [range] p[rint] [count] [flags]
          Display the specified lines.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the list and number option.

     [line] pu[t] [buffer]
          Append  buffer contents to the current line.  If a
          buffer is specified, its contents are appended  to
          the  line,  otherwise, the contents of the unnamed
          buffer are used.

          Line:    Set to the line after the current line.
          Options: None.

     q[uit][!]
          End the editing session.  If  the  file  has  been
          modified  since  the last complete write, the quit
          command will fail.  This check may  be  overridden
          by appending a "!"  character to the command.

          If  there are more files to edit, the quit command
          will fail.  Appending a "!"  character to the com-
          mand name or entering two quit commands (i.e.  wq,
          quit, xit or ZZ) in  a  row)  will  override  this
          check and the editor will exit.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [line] r[ead][!] [file]
          Read  a  file.   A  copy  of the specified file is
          appended to the line.  If line is 0, the  copy  is
          inserted at the beginning of the file.  If no file
          is specified, the current file is read;  if  there
          is  no current file, then file becomes the current
          file.  If there is no current file and no file  is
          specified, then the read command will fail.

          If  file  is preceded by a "!"  character, file is
          treated as if it were a shell command, and  passed
          to  the  program  named  by the shell edit option.
          The standard and standard error  outputs  of  that
          command are read into the file after the specified
          line.  The special meaning of the  "!"   character
          can  be overridden by escaping it with a backslash
          ("\") character.












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          Line:    When executed from ex, the  current  line
                   is  set to the last line read.  When exe-
                   cuted from vi, the current line is set to
                   the first line read.
          Options: None.

     rec[over] file
          Recover  file  if  it was previously saved.  If no
          saved file by that name exists, the  recover  com-
          mand behaves equivalently to the edit command.

          Line:    Set as described for the edit command.
          Options: None.

     res[ize] [+|-]size
          Vi  mode only.  Grow or shrink the current screen.
          If size is a positive, signed number, the  current
          screen  is grown by that many lines.  If size is a
          negative, signed number,  the  current  screen  is
          shrunk by that many lines.  If size is not signed,
          the current screen is set to the  specified  size.
          Applicable only to split screens.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     rew[ind][!]
          Rewind the argument list.  If the current file has
          been modified since the last complete  write,  the
          rewind command will fail.  This check may be over-
          ridden by appending the "!"  character to the com-
          mand.

          Otherwise,  the  current  file is set to the first
          file in the argument list.

          Line:    Set as described for the edit command.
          Options: Affected by the  autowrite  and  writeany
                   options.

          [all]
     se[t]  [option[=[value]]  ...]  [nooption ...] [option?
          ...]
          Display  or set editor options.  When no arguments
          are specified, the editor  option  term,  and  any
          editor options whose values have been changed from
          the default settings are displayed.  If the  argu-
          ment all is specified, the values of all of editor
          options are displayed.

          Specifying an option name followed by the  charac-
          ter  "?"   causes the current value of that option
          to be displayed.  The "?"  can be  separated  from










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          the option name by whitespace characters.  The "?"
          is necessary  only  for  Boolean  valued  options.
          Boolean  options  can  be given values by the form
          "set option" to turn them on, or "set nooption" to
          turn  them off.  String and numeric options can be
          assigned by  the  form  "set  option=value".   Any
          whitespace  characters  in strings can be included
          literally by  preceding  each  with  a  backslash.
          More  than  one  option  can be set or listed by a
          single set command, by specifying  multiple  argu-
          ments,  each separated from the next by whitespace
          characters.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     sh[ell]
          Run the shell program.  The program named  by  the
          shell  option  is  run with a -i (for interactive)
          flag.  Editing is resumed when that program exits.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the shell option.

     so[urce] file
          Read  and execute ex commands from a file.  Source
          commands may be nested.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

          [flags]
     [range] s[ubstitute] [/pattern/replace/]  [options]
          [count]
     [range] & [options] [count] [flags]
     [range] ~ [options] [count] [flags]
          Make substitutions.  Replace the first instance of
          pattern  with  the string replace on the specified
          line(s).  If the "/pattern/repl/" argument is  not
          specified,  the "/pattern/repl/" from the previous
          substitute command is used.  Any  character  other
          than  an alphabetic, numeric, <blank> or backslash
          character may be used as the delimiter.

          If options includes the letter "c" (confirm),  you
          will  be  prompted  for  confirmation  before each
          replacement is done.  An affirmative response  (in
          English,  a  "y" character) causes the replacement
          to be made.  A quit response (in  English,  a  "q"
          character)  causes  the  substitute  command to be
          terminated.   Any  other   response   causes   the
          replacement  not  to  be  made, and the substitute
          command continues.  If options includes the letter










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          "g" (global), all nonoverlapping instances of pat-
          tern in the line are replaced.

          The & version of the command is the  same  as  not
          specifying  a pattern or replacement string to the
          substitute command, and the "&" is replaced by the
          pattern  and replacement information from the pre-
          vious substitute command.

          The ~ version of the command is the same as &  and
          s, except that the search pattern used is the last
          RE used in any command, not  necessarily  the  one
          used in the last substitute command.

          For example, in the sequence

              s/red/blue/
              /green
              ~

          the "~" is equivalent to "s/green/blue/".

          The  substitute  command may be interrupted, using
          the terminal interrupt character.   All  substitu-
          tions completed before the interrupt are retained.

          Line:    Set to the last line upon which a substi-
                   tution was made.
          Options: Affected  by  the  ignorecase  and  magic
                   option.

     su[spend][!]
     st[op][!]
     <control-Z>
          Suspend the edit session.  Appending a "!"   char-
          acter  to  these  commands turns off the autowrite
          option for the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the  autowrite  and  writeany
                   options.

     ta[g][!] tagstring
          Edit  the  file  containing the specified tag.  If
          the tag is in a different file, then the new  file
          is  edited.  If the current file has been modified
          since the last complete  write,  the  tag  command
          will  fail.   This  check  can  be  overridden  by
          appending the "!"  character to the command  name.

          The tag command searches for tagstring in the tags
          file(s) specified by the  option.   (See  ctags(1)
          for more information on tags files.)










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          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Tag, while in vi mode, will edit the file in a new
          screen.   In  this  case, any modifications to the
          current file are ignored.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  autowrite,  taglength,
                   tags and writeany options.

     tagn[ext][!]
          Edit  the file containing the next context for the
          current tag.  If the context  is  in  a  different
          file, then the new file is edited.  If the current
          file has been modified  since  the  last  complete
          write,  the tagnext command will fail.  This check
          can be overridden by appending the "!"   character
          to the command name.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Tagnext, while in vi mode, will edit the file in a
          new  screen.   In  this case, any modifications to
          the current file are ignored.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected by the  autowrite  and  writeany
                   options.

     tagp[op][!] [file | number]
          Pop  to  the  specified tag in the tags stack.  If
          neither file or number is  specified,  the  tagpop
          command  pops to the most recent entry on the tags
          stack.  If file or number is specified, the tagpop
          command  pops to the most recent entry in the tags
          stack for that file, or numbered entry in the tags
          stack, respectively.  (See the display command for
          information on displaying the tags stack.)

          If the file has been modified since the last  com-
          plete  write,  the tagpop command will fail.  This
          check may be overridden by appending a "!"   char-
          acter to the command name.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  autowrite and writeany
                   options.

     tagpr[ev][!]
          Edit the file containing the previous context  for
          the current tag.  If the context is in a different
          file, then the new file is edited.  If the current
          file  has  been  modified  since the last complete
          write, the tagprev command will fail.  This  check
          can  be overridden by appending the "!"  character










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          to the command name.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Tagprev, while in vi mode, will edit the file in a
          new screen.  In this case,  any  modifications  to
          the current file are ignored.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  autowrite and writeany
                   options.

     tagt[op][!]
          Pop to the least recent tag  on  the  tags  stack,
          clearing the tags stack.

          If  the file has been modified since the last com-
          plete write, the tagtop command will  fail.   This
          check  may be overridden by appending a "!"  char-
          acter to the command name.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected by the  autowrite  and  writeany
                   options.

     una[bbrev] lhs
          Delete  an abbreviation.  Delete lhs from the cur-
          rent list of abbreviations.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     u[ndo]
          Undo the last change made to  the  file.   Changes
          made  by  global,  v, visual and map sequences are
          considered a single command.  If repeated,  the  u
          command  alternates  between these two states, and
          is its own inverse.

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: None.

     unm[ap][!] lhs
          Unmap  a  mapped  string.  Delete the command mode
          map definition for lhs.  If a  "!"   character  is
          appended  to  the  command  name,  delete the text
          input mode map definition instead.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ve[rsion]
          Display the version of the ex/vi editor.










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     [line] vi[sual] [type] [count] [flags]
          Ex mode only.  Enter vi.  The  type  is  optional,
          and  can  be  "-", "+" or "^", as in the ex z com-
          mand, to specify the  position  of  the  specified
          line  in  the  screen  window.  (The default is to
          place the line at the top of the  screen  window.)
          A  count  specifies  the number of lines that will
          initially be displayed.  (The default is the value
          of the window editor option.)

          Line:    Unchanged  unless  line  is specified, in
                   which case it is set to that line.
          Options: None.

     vi[sual][!] [+cmd] [file]
          Vi mode only.  Edit a new file.  Identical to  the
          "edit[!] [+cmd] [file]" command.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          Visual, will edit the file in a  new  screen.   In
          this  case,  any modifications to the current file
          are ignored.

     viu[sage] [command]
          Display usage for a vi  command.   If  command  is
          specified,  a  usage statement for that command is
          displayed.  Otherwise, usage statements for all vi
          commands are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [range] w[rite][!] [>>] [file]
     [range] w[rite] [!] [file]
     [range] wn[!] [>>] [file]
     [range] wq[!] [>>] [file]
          Write  the  file.  The specified lines (the entire
          file, if no range is given) is  written  to  file.
          If  file is not specified, the current pathname is
          used.  If file is specified, and it exists, or  if
          the  current  pathname was set using the file com-
          mand, and the file already exists, these  commands
          will fail.  Appending a "!"  character to the com-
          mand name will override this check and  the  write
          will be attempted, regardless.

          Specifying the optional ">>" string will cause the
          write to be appended to the file, in which case no
          tests are made for the file already existing.

          If  the  file is preceded by a "!"  character, the
          program named by the shell edit option is  invoked
          with   file   as  its  second  argument,  and  the










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          specified lines are passed as  standard  input  to
          that command.  The "!"  in this usage must be sep-
          arated from command name by at  least  one  white-
          space  character.   The special meaning of the "!"
          may be overridden by escaping it with a  backslash
          ("\") character.

          The  wq version of the write command will exit the
          editor after writing the file,  if  there  are  no
          further files to edit.  Appending a "!"  character
          to the command name or entering  two  "quit"  com-
          mands  (i.e.   wq, quit, xit or ZZ) in a row) will
          override this check  and  the  editor  will  exit,
          ignoring  any files that have not yet been edited.

          The wn version of the write command will  move  to
          the  next  file after writing the file, unless the
          write fails.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by  the  readonly  and  writeany
                   options.

     [range] x[it][!] [file]
          Write the file if it has been modified.  The spec-
          ified lines are written to file, if the  file  has
          been modified since the last complete write to any
          file.  If no range is specified, the  entire  file
          is written.

          The xit command will exit the editor after writing
          the file, if there are no further files  to  edit.
          Appending  a "!"  character to the command name or
          entering two "quit" commands (i.e.  wq, quit,  xit
          or  ZZ) in a row) will override this check and the
          editor will exit, ignoring any files that have not
          yet been edited.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected  by  the  readonly  and writeany
                   options.

     [range] ya[nk] [buffer] [count]
          Copy the specified  lines  to  a  buffer.   If  no
          buffer is specified, the unnamed buffer is used.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [line] z [type] [count] [flags]
          Adjust  the window.  If no type is specified, then
          count lines following the specified line are  dis-
          played.   The  default  count  is the value of the










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          window option.   The  type  argument  changes  the
          position  at which line is displayed on the screen
          by changing the number of lines  displayed  before
          and after line.  The following type characters may
          be used:

          -        Place the  line  at  the  bottom  of  the
                   screen.
          +        Place  the line at the top of the screen.
          .        Place the  line  in  the  middle  of  the
                   screen.
          ^        Write  out count lines starting count * 2
                   lines before line; the net effect of this
                   is that a "z^" command following a z com-
                   mand writes the previous page.
          =        Center line on the screen with a line  of
                   hyphens  displayed immediately before and
                   after it.  The number  of  preceding  and
                   following  lines  of  text  displayed are
                   reduced to account for those lines.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed, with  the
                   exception  of the type, where the current
                   line is set to the line specified by  the
                   command.
          Options: Affected by the scroll option.

     18.  Set Options

          There  are  a  large number of options that may be
     set (or unset) to change the editor's  behavior.   This
     section  describes the options, their abbreviations and
     their default values.

          In each entry below, the first  part  of  the  tag
     line  is  the  full name of the option, followed by any
     equivalent abbreviations.  (Regardless of the abbrevia-
     tions,  it  is only necessary to use the minimum number
     of characters necessary to distinguish an  abbreviation
     from  all  other  commands  for  it  to be accepted, in
     nex/nvi.  Historically, only  the  full  name  and  the
     official  abbreviations  were accepted by ex/vi.  Using
     full names in  your  startup  files  and  environmental
     variables  will probably make them more portable.)  The
     part in square brackets is the  default  value  of  the
     option.  Most of the options are boolean, i.e. they are
     either on or off, and do not have an associated  value.

          Options apply to both ex and vi modes, unless oth-
     erwise specified.

          With a few exceptions, all  options  are  settable
     per screen, i.e. the tags option can be set differently










USD:13-80                          Vi/Ex Reference (Options)


     in each screen.  The exceptions are the columns, lines,
     secure  and term options.  Changing these options modi-
     fies the respective information for all screens.

          For information on modifying  the  options  or  to
     display  the  options and their current values, see the
     "set" command in the section entitled "Ex Commands".

     altwerase [off]
          Vi only.  Change how vi  does  word  erase  during
          text input.  When this option is set, text is bro-
          ken up into three classes: alphabetic, numeric and
          underscore  characters, other nonblank characters,
          and blank characters.  Changing from one class  to
          another marks the end of a word.  In addition, the
          class of the first  character  erased  is  ignored
          (which is exactly what you want when erasing path-
          name components).

     autoindent, ai [off]
          If this option is set, whenever you create  a  new
          line  (using  the vi A, a, C, c, I, i, O, o, R, r,
          S, and s commands, or the ex append,  change,  and
          insert  commands)  the  new  line is automatically
          indented to align the cursor with the  first  non-
          blank character of the line from which you created
          it.  Lines are indented using  tab  characters  to
          the  extent  possible  (based  on the value of the
          tabstop option) and then using space characters as
          necessary.   For  commands inserting text into the
          middle of a line,  any  blank  characters  to  the
          right  of  the cursor are discarded, and the first
          nonblank character to the right of the  cursor  is
          aligned as described above.

          The indent characters are themselves somewhat spe-
          cial.  If you do not enter more characters on  the
          new  line before moving to another line, or enter-
          ing <escape>, the indent character will be deleted
          and  the  line will be empty.  For example, if you
          enter <carriage-return> twice in  succession,  the
          line  created  by the first <carriage-return> will
          not have any characters in it, regardless  of  the
          indentation of the previous or subsequent line.

          Indent  characters  also  require  that  you enter
          additional erase characters to delete  them.   For
          example,  if you have an indented line, containing
          only blanks, the first <word-erase> character  you
          enter  will  erase up to end of the indent charac-
          ters, and the second will erase back to the begin-
          ning  of  the line.  (Historically, only the <con-
          trol-D> key would  erase  the  indent  characters.










Vi/Ex Reference (Options)                          USD:13-81


          Both  the <control-D> key and the usual erase keys
          work in nvi.)  In addition, if the cursor is posi-
          tioned  at  the  end of the indent characters, the
          keys "0<control-D>" will erase all of  the  indent
          characters  for  the  current  line, resetting the
          indentation  level  to  0.   Similarly,  the  keys
          "^<control-D>"  will erase all of the indent char-
          acters for the current line, leaving the  indenta-
          tion level for future created lines unaffected.

          Finally,  if  the  autoindent option is set, the S
          and cc commands change from the first nonblank  of
          the  line  to the end of the line, instead of from
          the beginning of the line to the end of the  line.

     autoprint, ap [off]
          Ex  only.   Cause the current line to be automati-
          cally displayed after the ex commands <, >,  copy,
          delete,  join, move, put, t, Undo, and undo.  This
          automatic display is suppressed during global  and
          v  commands,  and  for  any command where optional
          flags are used to explicitly display the line.

     autowrite, aw [off]
          If this option is set, the vi !, ^^, ^] and  <con-
          trol-Z>  commands,  and the ex edit, next, rewind,
          stop, suspend, tag, tagpop,  and  tagtop  commands
          automatically  write  the current file back to the
          current file name if it has been modified since it
          was last written.  If the write fails, the command
          fails and goes no further.

          Appending the optional force  flag  character  "!"
          to  the  ex  commands next, rewind, stop, suspend,
          tag, tagpop, and tagtop stops the automatic  write
          from being attempted.

          (Historically,   the   next  command  ignored  the
          optional force flag.)  Note, the ex commands edit,
          quit,  shell,  and  xit  are  not  affected by the
          autowrite option.

          The autowrite option is ignored  if  the  file  is
          considered read-only for any reason.

     backup [""]
          If  this  option  is  set, it specifies a pathname
          used as a backup file, and,  whenever  a  file  is
          written, the file's current contents are copied to
          it.  The pathname is "#", "%" and "!"  expanded.

          If the first character of the pathname is  "N",  a
          version  number  is  appended to the pathname (and










USD:13-82                          Vi/Ex Reference (Options)


          the "N" character  is  then  discarded).   Version
          numbers  are  always  incremented, and each backup
          file will have a version number one  greater  than
          the  highest version number currently found in the
          directory.

          Backup files must be regular files, owned  by  the
          real  user  ID of the user running the editor, and
          not accessible by any other user.

     beautify, bf [off]
          If this option is set, all control characters that
          are  not  currently  being  specially interpreted,
          other than <tab>, <newline>, and <form-feed>,  are
          discarded from commands read in by ex from command
          files, and from input text entered to  vi  (either
          into the file or to the colon command line).  Text
          files read by ex/vi are not affected by the  beau-
          tify option.

     cdpath [environment variable CDPATH, or current direc-
          tory]
          This option is used to specify a  colon  separated
          list  of  directories  which are used as path pre-
          fixes for any relative path names  used  as  argu-
          ments  for  the  cd  command.   The  value of this
          option defaults to the value of the  environmental
          variable  CDPATH  if  it  is set, otherwise to the
          current directory.   For  compatibility  with  the
          POSIX  1003.2 shell, the cd command does not check
          the current directory as a path prefix  for  rela-
          tive path names unless it is explicitly specified.
          It may be so specified by entering an empty string
          or  a  "."   character into the CDPATH variable or
          the option value.

     cedit [no default]
          This option adds the ability  to  edit  the  colon
          command-line  history.   This  option  is set to a
          string.  Whenever  the  first  character  of  that
          string  is  entered on the colon command line, you
          will enter a normal editing  window  on  the  col-
          lected  commands  that  you've  entered  on the vi
          colon command-line.  You may  then  modify  and/or
          execute  the commands.  All normal text editing is
          available, except that you cannot use  <control-W>
          to  switch  to  an  alternate  screen.  Entering a
          <carriage-return> will execute the current line of
          the  screen window as an ex command in the context
          of the screen from which  you  created  the  colon
          command-line  screen,  and you will then return to
          that screen.











Vi/Ex Reference (Options)                          USD:13-83


          Because of vi's parsing rules, it can be difficult
          to  set  the  colon command-line edit character to
          the <escape> character.  To set  it  to  <escape>,
          use "set cedit=<literal-next><escape>".

          If  the cedit edit option is set to the same char-
          acter as the filec edit option,  vi  will  perform
          colon  command-line  editing  if  the character is
          entered as the first character of the line, other-
          wise, vi will perform file name expansion.

     columns, co [80]
          The number of columns in the screen.  Setting this
          option causes ex/vi to set (or reset) the environ-
          mental variable COLUMNS.  See the section entitled
          "Sizing the Screen" more information.

     comment [off]
          Vi only.  If the first non-empty line of the  file
          begins  with  the  string  "#", "/*" or "//", this
          option causes vi to skip to the end of that shell,
          C or C++ comment (probably a terribly boring legal
          notice) before displaying the file.

     directory, dir [environment variable TMPDIR, or /tmp]
          The directory where temporary files  are  created.
          The  environmental  variable TMPDIR is used as the
          default value if  it  exists,  otherwise  /tmp  is
          used.

     edcompatible, ed [off]
          Remember the values of the "c" and "g" suffixes to
          the substitute commands, instead  of  initializing
          them  as  unset  for each new command.  Specifying
          pattern and replacement strings to the  substitute
          command unsets the "c" and "g" suffixes as well.

     escapetime [1]
          The  10th's  of  a second ex/vi waits for a subse-
          quent key to complete an <escape> key mapping.

     errorbells, eb [off]
          Ex only.  Ex error messages are normally presented
          in inverse video.  If that is not possible for the
          terminal, setting this option  causes  error  mes-
          sages  to  be  announced  by  ringing the terminal
          bell.

     exrc, ex [off]
          If this option is turned on in the EXINIT environ-
          ment  variables,  or  the  system or $HOME startup
          files, the local startup files  are  read,  unless
          they  are  the same as the system or $HOME startup










USD:13-84                          Vi/Ex Reference (Options)


          files or fail  to  pass  the  standard  permission
          checks.   See the section entitled "Startup Infor-
          mation" for more information.

     extended [off]
          This option causes all regular expressions  to  be
          treated  as  POSIX 1003.2 Extended Regular Expres-
          sions (which  are  similar  to  historic  egrep(1)
          style expressions).

     filec [no default]
          This option adds the ability to do shell expansion
          when entering input on  the  colon  command  line.
          This  option  is  set  to  a string.  Whenever the
          first character of that string is entered  on  the
          colon  command  line, the <blank> delimited string
          immediately before the cursor is expanded as if it
          were  followed  by  a  *  character, and file name
          expansion for the ex edit command was done.  If no
          match  is  found,  the  screen is flashed and text
          input resumed.  If a single  match  results,  that
          match replaces the expanded text.  In addition, if
          the single match is for a directory, a / character
          is  appended  and file completion is repeated.  If
          more than a single match results, any unique  pre-
          fix  shared  by  the matches replaces the expanded
          text, the matches are displayed,  and  text  input
          resumed.

          Because of vi's parsing rules, it can be difficult
          to set the path completion character to  two  com-
          mand  values,  <escape>  and  <tab>.  To set it to
          <escape>, use "set  filec=<literal-next><escape>".
          To set it to <tab>, use "set filec=\<tab>".

          If  the cedit edit option is set to the same char-
          acter as the filec edit option,  vi  will  perform
          colon  command-line  editing  if  the character is
          entered as the first character of the line, other-
          wise, vi will perform file name expansion.

     flash [on]
          This  option causes the screen to flash instead of
          beeping the keyboard, on error,  if  the  terminal
          has the capability.

     hardtabs, ht [8]
          This  option  defines the spacing between hardware
          tab settings, i.e.  the tab expansion done by  the
          operating  system  and/or the terminal itself.  As
          nex/nvi never writes <tab> characters to the  ter-
          minal,  unlike  historic  versions  of ex/vi, this
          option does not currently have any affect.










Vi/Ex Reference (Options)                          USD:13-85


     iclower [off]
          The iclower edit option makes all Regular  Expres-
          sions  case-insensitive,  as long as an upper-case
          letter does not appear in the search string.

     ignorecase, ic [off]
          This option causes regular expressions, both in ex
          commands  and  in  searches,  to be evaluated in a
          case-insensitive manner.

     keytime [6]
          The 10th's of a second ex/vi waits  for  a  subse-
          quent key to complete a key mapping.

     leftright [off]
          Vi  only.   This  option  causes  the screen to be
          scrolled left-right to view lines longer than  the
          screen,  instead  of  the  traditional  vi  screen
          interface which folds long lines at the right-hand
          margin of the terminal.

     lines, li [24]
          Vi only.  The number of lines in the screen.  Set-
          ting this option causes ex/vi to  set  (or  reset)
          the environmental variable LINES.  See the section
          entitled "Sizing the Screen" for more information.

     lisp [off]
          Vi  only.  This option changes the behavior of the
          vi (, ), {, }, [[ and ]]  commands  to  match  the
          Lisp  language.   Also,  the  autoindent  option's
          behavior is changed to be appropriate for Lisp.

          This option is not yet implemented.

     list [off]
          This option causes lines to  be  displayed  in  an
          unambiguous  fashion.  Specifically, tabs are dis-
          played as control characters, i.e.  "^I", and  the
          ends of lines are marked with a "$" character.

     lock [on]
          This option causes the editor to attempt to get an
          exclusive lock on any file being edited,  read  or
          written.  Reading or writing a file that cannot be
          locked produces a warning message,  but  no  other
          effect.   Editing  a  file  that  cannot be locked
          results in a read only edit  session,  as  if  the
          readonly edit option were set.

     magic [on]
          This  option  is on by default.  Turning the magic
          option   off   causes   all   regular   expression










USD:13-86                          Vi/Ex Reference (Options)


          characters  except  for "^" and "$", to be treated
          as ordinary characters.  To  re-enable  characters
          individually,  when  the magic option is off, pre-
          cede them with a backslash "\" character.  See the
          section entitled "Regular Expressions and Replace-
          ment Strings" for more information.

     matchchars [[]{}()<>]
          Vi only.  This option defines the character  pairs
          used by the % command.

     matchtime [7]
          Vi  only.  The 10th's of a second vi pauses on the
          matching character when the  showmatch  option  is
          set.

     mesg [on]
          This  option  allows  other  users  to contact you
          using the talk(1) and  write(1)  utilities,  while
          you  are editing.  Ex/vi does not turn message on,
          i.e. if messages were turned off when  the  editor
          was  invoked,  they  will  stay  turned off.  This
          option only permits you to disallow  messages  for
          the  edit  session.   See  the mesg(1) utility for
          more information.

     msgcat [./]
          This option selects a message catalog to  be  used
          to  display  error and informational messages in a
          specified language.  If the value of  this  option
          ends  with  a  '/', it is treated as the name of a
          directory  that   contains   a   message   catalog
          "vi_XXXX",  where  "XXXX" is the value of the LANG
          environmental variable, if it's set, or the  value
          of  the LC_MESSAGES environmental variable if it's
          not.  If neither of those environmental  variables
          are  set,  or  if the option doesn't end in a '/',
          the option is treated as the full path name of the
          message catalog to use.

          If  any messages are missing from the catalog, the
          backup text (English) is used instead.

          See the distribution file catalog/README for addi-
          tional information on building and installing mes-
          sage catalogs.

     modelines, modeline [off]
          If the modelines option is set, ex/vi has histori-
          cally  scanned  the  first  and last five lines of
          each file as it is read for editing,  looking  for
          any  ex  commands  that  have been placed in those
          lines.  After the  startup  information  has  been










Vi/Ex Reference (Options)                          USD:13-87


          processed,  and before the user starts editing the
          file, any commands embedded in the file  are  exe-
          cuted.

          Commands were recognized by the letters "e" or "v"
          followed by "x" or "i", at the beginning of a line
          or  following  a  tab or space character, and fol-
          lowed by a ":", an ex command, and another ":".

          This option is a security problem of immense  pro-
          portions, and should not be used under any circum-
          stances.

          This option will never be implemented.

     noprint [""]
          Characters that are  never  handled  as  printable
          characters.   By  default,  the C library function
          isprint(3) is used to determine if a character  is
          printable or not.  This edit option overrides that
          decision.

     number, nu [off]
          Precede each line displayed with its current  line
          number.

     octal [off]
          Display   unknown   characters  as  octal  numbers
          ("\###"),  instead  of  the  default   hexadecimal
          ("\x##").

     open [on]
          Ex  only.  If this option is not set, the open and
          visual commands are disallowed.

     optimize, opt [on]
          Vi only.  Throughput of text is expedited by  set-
          ting  the  terminal  not  to do automatic carriage
          returns when printing more than one (logical) line
          of  output,  greatly  speeding output on terminals
          without addressable cursors when text with leading
          white space is printed.

          This option is not yet implemented.

     paragraphs, para [IPLPPPQPP LIpplpipbp]
          Vi  only.   Define additional paragraph boundaries
          for the { and  }  commands.   The  value  of  this
          option  must  be  a character string consisting of
          zero or more character pairs.

          In the text to be  edited,  the  character  string
          <newline>.<char-pair>,  (where  <char-pair> is one










USD:13-88                          Vi/Ex Reference (Options)


          of the character  pairs  in  the  option's  value)
          defines a paragraph boundary.  For example, if the
          option were set to LaA<space>##, then all  of  the
          following additional paragraph boundaries would be
          recognized:


              <newline>.La
              <newline>.A<space>
              <newline>.##


     path []
          The  path  option  can  be  used  to   specify   a
          <colon>-separated  list  of  paths, similar to the
          PATH environment variable in the shells.  If  this
          option  is  set, the name of the file to be edited
          is not an absolute pathname, the  first  component
          of  the filename is not "."  or "..", and the file
          to be edited doesn't exist in the  current  direc-
          tory,  the elements of the path option are sequen-
          tially searched for a file of the specified  name.
          If such a file is found, it is edited.

     print [""]
          Characters  that  are  always handled as printable
          characters.  By default, the  C  library  function
          isprint(3)  is used to determine if a character is
          printable or not.  This edit option overrides that
          decision.

     prompt [on]
          Ex only.  This option causes ex to prompt for com-
          mand input with a ":" character; when  it  is  not
          set, no prompt is displayed.

     readonly, ro [off]
          This  option causes a force flag to be required to
          attempt to write the file.  Setting this option is
          equivalent to using the -R command line option, or
          executing the vi program using the name view.

          The readonly edit option is  not  usually  persis-
          tent,  like other edit options.  If the -R command
          line option is set, vi is executed as view, or the
          readonly  edit option is explicitly set, all files
          edited in the screen will be marked readonly,  and
          the  force  flag  will  be required to write them.
          However, if none of these conditions are true,  or
          the readonly edit option is explicitly unset, then
          the readonly edit option will toggle based on  the
          write  permissions  of  the  file  currently being
          edited as of when  it  is  loaded  into  the  edit










Vi/Ex Reference (Options)                          USD:13-89


          buffer.   In other words, the readonly edit option
          will be set if the current file lacks  write  per-
          missions,  and  will  not  be  set if the user has
          write permissions for the file.

     recdir [/var/tmp/vi.recover]
          The directory where recovery files are stored.

          If you change the value of recdir, be  careful  to
          choose  a  directory  whose contents are not regu-
          larly deleted.  Bad choices include directories in
          memory  based  filesystems,  or /tmp, on most sys-
          tems, as  their  contents  are  removed  when  the
          machine is rebooted.

          Public  directories like /usr/tmp and /var/tmp are
          usually safe,  although  some  sites  periodically
          prune  old  files from them.  There is no require-
          ment that you use a public directory, e.g. a  sub-
          directory of your home directory will work fine.

          Finally,  if  you  change the value of recdir, you
          must modify the recovery script to operate in your
          chosen recovery area.

          See  the  section  entitled "Recovery" for further
          information.

     redraw, re [off]
          Vi  only.   The  editor  simulates  (using   great
          amounts  of  output), an intelligent terminal on a
          dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions  in  vi  the
          characters   to   the  right  of  the  cursor  are
          refreshed as each input character is typed).

          This option is not yet implemented.

     remap [on]
          If this option is set, it is  possible  to  define
          macros  in terms of other macros.  Otherwise, each
          key is only remapped up to one time.  For example,
          if "A" is mapped to "B", and "B" is mapped to "C",
          The keystroke "A" will be mapped  to  "C"  if  the
          remap  option is set, and to "B" if it is not set.

     report [5]
          Set the threshold of the number of lines that need
          to  be  changed or yanked before a message will be
          displayed to the user.   For  everything  but  the
          yank command, the value is the largest value about
          which the editor is silent,  i.e.  by  default,  6
          lines must be deleted before the user is notified.
          However, if the number of lines yanked is  greater










USD:13-90                          Vi/Ex Reference (Options)


          than  or equal to the set value, it is reported to
          the user.

     ruler [off]
          Vi only.  Display a row/column ruler on the  colon
          command line.

     scroll, scr [(environment variable LINES - 1) / 2]
          Set  the  number of lines scrolled by the ex <con-
          trol-D> and <end-of-file> commands.

          Historically, the ex  z  command,  when  specified
          without  a  count,  used two times the size of the
          scroll value; the POSIX 1003.2 standard  specified
          the window size, which is a better choice.

     searchincr [off]
          The  searchincr  edit option makes the search com-
          mands / and ?  incremental,  i.e.  the  screen  is
          updated  and the cursor moves to the matching text
          as the search pattern is entered.  If  the  search
          pattern is not found, the screen is beeped and the
          cursor remains on the colon-command line.  Erasing
          characters  from the search pattern backs the cur-
          sor up to the previous matching text.

     sections, sect [NHSHH HUnhsh]
          Vi only.  Define additional section boundaries for
          the  [[  and  ]]  commands.   The  sections option
          should be set to a character string consisting  of
          zero  or  more character pairs.  In the text to be
          edited,  the  character  string   <newline>.<char-
          pair>,  (where <char-pair> is one of the character
          pairs in the option's value),  defines  a  section
          boundary in the same manner that paragraphs option
          boundaries are defined.

     secure [off]
          The secure edit option turns  off  all  access  to
          external  programs.   This means that the versions
          of the read and write commands  that  filter  text
          through  other programs, the vi !  and <control-Z>
          commands, the ex !, script, shell, stop  and  sus-
          pend  commands and file name expansion will not be
          permitted.  Once set, the secure edit  option  may
          not be unset.

     shell, sh [environment variable SHELL, or /bin/sh]
          Select  the  shell used by the editor.  The speci-
          fied path is the pathname of the shell invoked  by
          the vi !  shell escape command and by the ex shell
          command.  This program is also used to resolve any
          shell meta-characters in ex commands.










Vi/Ex Reference (Options)                          USD:13-91


     shellmeta [~{[*?$`'"\]
          The  set  of  characters  that  ex checks for when
          doing file name expansion.  If any of  the  speci-
          fied  characters  are found in the file name argu-
          ments  to  the  ex  commands,  the  arguments  are
          expanded  using  the  program defined by the shell
          option.  The default set of characters is a  union
          of  meta  characters  from  the  Version 7 and the
          Berkeley C shell.

     shiftwidth, sw [8]
          Set the autoindent and shift  command  indentation
          width.   This  width  is  used  by  the autoindent
          option and by the <, >, and shift commands.

     showmatch, sm [off]
          Vi only.  This option causes vi, when a "}" or ")"
          is  entered, to briefly move the cursor the match-
          ing "{" or "(".  See the matchtime option for more
          information.

     showmode, smd [off]
          Vi  only.   This  option  causes  vi  to display a
          string identifying the current editor mode on  the
          colon  command line.  The string is preceded by an
          asterisk (``*'') if the  file  has  been  modified
          since it was last completely written,

     sidescroll [16]
          Vi  only.   Sets  the  number  of columns that are
          shifted to the left or right,  when  vi  is  doing
          left-right  scrolling and the left or right margin
          is crossed.  See the  leftright  option  for  more
          information.

     slowopen, slow [off]
          This  option affects the display algorithm used by
          vi, holding off display updating during  input  of
          new  text  to improve throughput when the terminal
          in use is slow and unintelligent.

          This option is not yet implemented.

     sourceany [off]
          If this option is turned on, vi historically  read
          startup  files  that  were  owned by someone other
          than the editor user.  See  the  section  entitled
          "Startup  Information" for more information.  This
          option is a security problem  of  immense  propor-
          tions,  and  should  not be used under any circum-
          stances.

          This option will never be implemented.










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     tabstop, ts [8]
          This option sets tab widths for  the  editor  dis-
          play.

     taglength, tl [0]
          This  option sets the maximum number of characters
          that are considered significant  in  a  tag  name.
          Setting the value to 0 makes all of the characters
          in the tag name significant.

     tags, tag [tags /var/db/libc.tags /sys/kern/tags]
          Sets the list of  tags  files,  in  search  order,
          which are used when the editor searches for a tag.

     term, ttytype, tty [environment variable TERM]
          Set the terminal type.  Setting this option causes
          ex/vi to set (or reset) the environmental variable
          TERM.

     terse [off]
          This option has historically made editor  messages
          less  verbose.  It has no effect in this implemen-
          tation.  See the verbose option for more  informa-
          tion.

     tildeop [off]
          Modify the ~ command to take an associated motion.

     timeout, to [on]
          If this option is set, ex/vi waits for a  specific
          period for a subsequent key to complete a key map-
          ping (see the keytime option).  If the  option  is
          not  set,  the  editor waits until enough keys are
          entered to resolve the  ambiguity,  regardless  of
          how long it takes.

     ttywerase [off]
          Vi  only.   This  option  changes how vi does word
          erase during text input.  If this option  is  set,
          text  is broken up into two classes, blank charac-
          ters and nonblank characters.  Changing  from  one
          class to another marks the end of a word.

     verbose [off]
          Vi  only.   Vi historically bells the terminal for
          many obvious mistakes, e.g. trying  to  move  past
          the left-hand margin, or past the end of the file.
          If this option is set, an error  message  is  dis-
          played for all errors.

     w300 [no default]
          Vi  only.  Set the window size if the baud rate is
          less than 1200 baud.  See the  window  option  for










Vi/Ex Reference (Options)                          USD:13-93


          more information.

     w1200 [no default]
          Vi  only.  Set the window size if the baud rate is
          equal to 1200 baud.  See  the  window  option  for
          more information.

     w9600 [no default]
          Vi  only.  Set the window size if the baud rate is
          greater than 1200 baud.  See the window option for
          more information.

     warn [on]
          Ex  only.  This option causes a warning message to
          the terminal if the file has been modified,  since
          it was last written, before a !  command.

     window, w, wi [environment variable LINES - 1]
          This option determines the default number of lines
          in a screenful, as displayed by the z command.  It
          also  determines  the  number of lines scrolled by
          the vi commands <control-B> and  <control-F>,  and
          the  default  number  of  lines scrolled by the vi
          commands <control-D> and <control-U>.   The  value
          of  window  can  be  unrelated  to the real screen
          size, although it starts  out  as  the  number  of
          lines  on  the  screen.   See the section entitled
          "Sizing the Screen" for more information.  Setting
          the  value  of  the  window  option is the same as
          using the -w command line option.

          If the value of the window option (as set  by  the
          window,  w300,  w1200 or w9600 options) is smaller
          than the actual size of the screen,  large  screen
          movements  will  result  in  displaying  only that
          smaller number of lines on the  screen.   (Further
          movements  in  that  same  area will result in the
          screen being filled.)  This can provide a  perfor-
          mance improvement when viewing different places in
          one or more files over a slow link.

          Resetting the  window  size  does  not  reset  the
          default  number of lines scrolled by the <control-
          D> and <control-U> commands.

     windowname [off]
          Vi changes the name of the editor's icon/window to
          the  current  file name when it's possible and not
          destructive, i.e., when the editor can restore  it
          to   its  original  value  on  exit  or  when  the
          icon/window will be discarded as the editor exits.
          If  the  windowname  edit  option  is set, vi will
          change  the  icon/window  name  even   when   it's










USD:13-94                          Vi/Ex Reference (Options)


          destructive  and  the icon/window name will remain
          after the editor exits.  (This  is  the  case  for
          xterm(1)).

     wraplen, wl [0]
          This option is identical to the wrapmargin option,
          with the exception that it specifies the number of
          columns  from  the  left  margin  before  the line
          splits, not the right margin.

          If both wraplen and wrapmargin are set, the  wrap-
          margin value is used.

     wrapmargin, wm [0]
          Vi only.  If the value of the wrapmargin option is
          non-zero, vi will split lines so that they end  at
          least that number of columns before the right-hand
          margin of the screen.  (Note, the value  of  wrap-
          margin  is not a text length.  In a screen that is
          80 columns wide, the command  ":set  wrapmargin=8"
          attempts  to  keep the lines less than or equal to
          72 columns wide.)

          Lines are split at the previous whitespace charac-
          ter  closest  to  the number.  Any trailing white-
          space  characters  before   that   character   are
          deleted.   If  the  line  is  split  because of an
          inserted <space> or <tab> character, and you  then
          enter  another <space> character, it is discarded.

          If wrapmargin is set to 0, or if there is no blank
          character  upon  which to split the line, the line
          is not broken.

          If both wraplen and wrapmargin are set, the  wrap-
          margin value is used.

     wrapscan, ws [on]
          This option causes searches to wrap around the end
          or the beginning of the  file,  and  back  to  the
          starting  point.   Otherwise, the end or beginning
          of the file terminates the search.

     writeany, wa [off]
          If this option  is  set,  file-overwriting  checks
          that  would  usually  be made before the write and
          xit commands, or before an  automatic  write  (see
          the  autowrite option), are not made.  This allows
          a write to any file, provided the file permissions
          allow it.













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     19.  Index






























































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                        Table of Contents

     Description ......................................    4
     Additional Features in Nex/Nvi ...................    4
     Startup Information ..............................    6
     Recovery .........................................    7
     Sizing the Screen ................................    9
     Character Display ................................    9
     Multiple Screens .................................   10
     Tags, Tag Stacks, and Cscope .....................   11
     Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings ......   14
     Scripting Languages ..............................   15
     General Editor Description .......................   17
     Vi Description ...................................   20
     Vi Commands ......................................   24
     Vi Text Input Commands ...........................   53
     Ex Addressing
               ........................................   55
     Ex Description ...................................   57
     Ex Commands ......................................   59
     Set Options ......................................   79
     Index ............................................   95





































